Expats will find the cost of living in Turkey to be far more reasonable than in neighbouring European destinations. The country has yet to be admitted into the EU, and those with foreign purchasing power can make their money last longer and reach further, even if choosing to live in the popular expat areas or the coastal resort towns. In 2023, the inflation rate was more than 40 percent, meaning that prices have rapidly outstripped the country's economic growth. This is, however, beneficial to those who have foreign purchasing power.

Istanbul, the country's largest expat hub and most costly location, was ranked the 185th most expensive expat destination by the 2023 Mercer Cost of Living Survey out of the 227 cities evaluated. Like most places, the cost of living in Turkey is directly affected by location and lifestyle. Rural villages are cheaper than urban centres.

Price-conscious pensioners and seasonal sun worshippers have long taken advantage of the lower costs, and even those expats who are part of the Turkish workforce and take home the Turkish Lira can live a comfortable lifestyle and even afford the odd luxury. That said, expats employed by a Turkish company and paid in the local currency will need to be mindful of the ever-increasing interest and inflation rates and will need to make sure that their salary rises accordingly.

Cost of accommodation in Turkey

The property market in Turkey for both buying and renting generally offers good value for money when compared with the likes of the UK or the US. A wide variety of accommodation is available to suit all tastes and budgets, ranging from eye-wateringly expensive villas with sweeping vistas and vast outdoor spaces to sparse apartments that offer only the most basic amenities.

Monthly utilities aren't always included in rent, so expats will need to factor in the cost of water, electricity and gas. Although these bills tend to be relatively inexpensive, the cost of heating during winter dramatically increases utility expenses.

Cost of groceries and eating out in Turkey

In Turkey, food shopping can still be done at weekly neighbourhood markets, where locally sourced seasonal fruits and vegetables are on sale at low prices. Modern supermarkets do stock the imported goods that many expats yearn for, but these foreign food items can come at a hefty cost. A single jar of peanut butter can be as expensive as the ingredients that a local would use to make an entire meal.

A food cost that may be unexpected for many expats will be bottled water. It's safe to drink tap water in many areas, but many foreigners still prefer to drink bottled water. The good news is that a 19-litre jug of water is relatively cheap. Expats should buy in bulk when they can.

While this may seem strange in the country that made the doner kebab world famous, many expats will discover that red meat in Turkey is quite costly.

Cost of entertainment in Turkey

Eating out in Turkey can offer expats a diverse range of dining options with varying costs, but generally less costly compared to dining out in many Western countries. This is particularly true for traditional Turkish cuisine and street food, which are often very affordable. Many restaurants in tourist areas may offer both traditional Turkish dishes and more familiar international cuisine.

The cost of entertainment in Turkey for expats can vary widely depending on the type of activity and location. Though they largely tend to be more affordable, some forms of entertainment may be less expensive compared to similar activities in Western countries, while others may be much more expensive.

Expats can expect to find a diverse range of entertainment options in Turkey, including cultural and historical attractions, outdoor activities and nightlife. Some popular forms of entertainment include visiting historical sites, exploring the bustling markets and bazaars, and experiencing traditional Turkish performances such as belly dancing. Additionally, Turkey's large cities offer a variety of bars, nightclubs, and live music venues for those looking for nightlife.

Expats can also find Western entertainment in Turkey, particularly in larger cities such as Istanbul. Many hotels and international restaurants offer familiar options, and some areas may have shopping centres, cinemas showing Western movies, and other forms of entertainment that are familiar to expats from Western countries.

Cost of transport in Turkey

Turkey's public transport system is constantly improving and evolving, yet it remains extremely cheap. Buses are the main mode of transit and are generally efficient and economical. Both state-sponsored entities and private buses charge flat and cheap fares for a single journey. Dolmuş, informal, shared taxis that connect commuters going short distances, are also incredibly reasonable. Fares vary according to the length of the journey.

For those expats who would prefer to get around by car in Turkey, the basic cost of buying and maintaining a vehicle may be slightly cheaper than in the UK or the US, but the cost of petrol is steep.

Cost of education in Turkey

The cost of education in Turkey can vary widely depending on the type of education and location. Education in Turkey is generally less expensive compared to education in many Western countries, though expats are less likely to enrol their children in public or even private schools.

There are international schools in Istanbul and Ankara. These may be more expensive compared to public or private Turkish schools, but they offer the benefit of a familiar education system and language of instruction.

Private schools in Turkey may also offer quality education and may have a more flexible curriculum, but may not follow a Western-style curriculum or language of instruction. Public schools in Turkey offer a more affordable education, but the quality and availability of education in these schools can vary greatly depending on the location. Additionally, the language of instruction in public schools is Turkish, which may not be suitable for all expat families.

Cost of living in Istanbul chart

Prices may vary depending on the product and service provider. The list below is based on average prices for Istanbul in February 2023.

If expats are willing to negotiate, use common sense, and keep their wits about them, finding suitable, well-priced accommodation in Turkey should be a straightforward process. Housing is widespread and varied, with many great deals to be found. It is also a feasible and popular option for expats to buy property in Turkey, as property rates are fairly low.

Types of accommodation in Turkey

There are many types of accommodation available in Turkey, from flats and apartments to houses, condominiums and luxury villas. The price of property in Turkey varies greatly according to the type and quality of a residence, its location, how recently it was constructed, and whether or not it has parking facilities (parking space is at a premium in Turkish cities, especially in Istanbul). As can be expected, property prices are generally higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

There are no specific expat areas in Turkey, although expats moving to Istanbul might want to check out the districts of Nişantaşı, Teşvikiye and Cihangir. These all offer a good range of accommodation options, and at the same time are vibrant parts of the city to live in.

Finding accommodation in Turkey

There are several online property portals for finding accommodation in Turkey. Expats should also consider engaging the services of a reputable real-estate agent when looking for a place to rent. The vast majority of Turkish estate agencies will have a dedicated rentals division. Not all agents will be able to speak English, so it's worth trying to find an agent who is more experienced in dealing with expats.

Renting accommodation in Turkey

Finding suitable accommodation in Turkey should be a straightforward process, but expats should do some research before leaving their home country. Most expats use online real-estate portals to get an idea of the properties available, but it would be a good idea to also contact a local estate agent (emlak) who is more familiar with the rental market in Turkey.

As with most aspects of life in Turkey, negotiation is key when renting accommodation. Points like the monthly rental fee and the deposit to be paid can all be negotiated with the landlord. If one lacks the stomach or the skills to do it alone, one can ask the real-estate agent to negotiate these points.

Furnished or unfurnished

Rental properties in Turkey can either be furnished or unfurnished as both are equally available. Furnished apartments and villas often include everything from beds to cutlery and crockery. Many expats prefer renting fully furnished accommodation as it saves them time and the money involved in either transporting furniture from their home countries or buying it once in Turkey. That said, furnished accommodation will be more expensive than unfurnished and it also usually requires a larger deposit.

The rental process

The rental process in Turkey depends on the route expats choose to take. Most expats will research properties online and contact some local estate agents who will set up viewings. The estate agent will help with any negotiating to reach an agreement with the landlord, and will then draw up a rental contract. The deposit and the first month’s rent need to be paid before the start of the tenancy.

If one chooses to rent accommodation directly from a landlord, the process is fairly straightforward and more relaxed. Expats should nevertheless uphold a formal relationship with their landlord and ensure they still get a signed and notarised rental contract. This will help them avoid any misunderstanding that could come up in the future.

Leases

Rental agreements in Turkey don’t necessarily follow a specific form or set of requirements. When renting directly from the landlord, a verbal agreement is often made, but it is advisable to secure a written tenancy contract. This can be used to document the lease term, rent and deposit.

The period of a long-term lease agreement is often negotiated between the landlord and the tenant. Long-term rental contracts are typically signed for one year, but expats should also note that rental contracts will renew automatically if neither party gives notice 15 days before the end of the lease term. There is also a rental increase for each year the contract is extended. This rate should be agreed upon when the contract is drawn up.

Tenants should ensure that they understand all the terms and conditions laid out in the contract, and if there are any uncertain clauses these should be sorted out and amended before signing anything.

Deposits

The tenant will likely have to pay at least one month's rent as a deposit, as well as one month's rent in advance to secure their new apartment. The deposit is reimbursed after deductions have been made to cover damage caused by the tenant or unpaid utility bills at the end of the term of the lease agreement. Agents will also charge a fee for their services, which is also normally negotiable. 

Utilities

Whether or not the tenant is liable for utility bills in Turkey will depend on the agreement made with the landlord. Sometimes these costs are included in the monthly rental price, and sometimes not.

Some landlords will arrange all utility services themselves. Others will leave the responsibility to their tenant. In rare cases – mostly when renting directly from an owner – utilities may be included in the monthly rent. Expats should ensure they understand the arrangement before they move into their accommodation.

Utilities can be paid at banks or with automatic payments through one's bank account. Automatic payments are the most convenient option. These can easily be arranged by visiting the bank with a copy of the bill. Expats should never make a payment to someone who comes to the door claiming to be an agent as utilities are never paid like this.

Expat children are able to attend Turkish public schools, but the standard of education varies. And as Turkish is the language of instruction at all public schools, most expat parents choose to send their children to private or international schools instead.

Public schools in Turkey

Education in Turkey is compulsory for all children from primary through to secondary school. Primary and secondary education in public schools is free to all children, including Turkish nationals and foreigners.

High school education in Turkey is comprised of different branches, including general, vocational and technical schools, with each having a different educational focus. Upon finishing their secondary education, students are awarded the Lise Diplomasi (Secondary School Diploma), which secures the right to partake in nationwide exams for university entry.

The language of instruction at public schools is Turkish, but all children are required to learn a foreign language. Language choices are typically either English, German, Spanish or French.

The school day is generally made up of a morning and afternoon session, with the school week running from Monday to Friday. The academic year in Turkey generally runs from mid-September through to early June and is divided into two semesters.

Private schools in Turkey

Private schools in Turkey follow the Turkish national curriculum, with the language of instruction being Turkish. Some of the more prestigious private schools offer bilingual education.

Expat children wanting to attend a private school in Turkey will have to undergo a general exam to determine their level of competency.

International schools in Turkey

Most international schools are based in Ankara and Istanbul. These schools cover various international curricula and teach in several foreign languages, including English, German and French.

Spaces are often limited at international schools in Turkey. This is particularly true in Ankara, which has a large diplomatic community owing to the number of foreign embassies in the city. Expat parents will therefore need to plan well ahead to secure a spot for their child.

Most international schools offer students the opportunity to learn the Turkish language. They also have field trips and cultural activities to assist children to assimilate better into Turkish culture and society.

Tuition at private and international schools is very expensive. It is important to factor this into one's contract when negotiating a package for relocation to Turkey.

Homeschooling in Turkey

Homeschooling is considered illegal in Turkey. A loophole that some expat parents use is that this law specifically refers to Turkish children, and foreigners therefore tend to have some success with homeschooling. That said, parents of children with dual Turkish citizenship will have to follow the law or face hefty fines or, in extreme cases, imprisonment.

Tutors in Turkey

Receiving private tutoring in Turkey while preparing for a national examination is common. Due to high competition to get into elite high schools and universities, most children will receive tutoring at some point during their scholastic career.

There are three forms of private tutoring in Turkey. The first, and most expensive, is one-on-one tutoring. This is usually done by an accomplished university student or a retired teacher. These tutors usually guarantee excellent results and therefore charge high prices.

The second kind of tutoring takes place on the school premises. Tutoring is offered outside of normal class hours by volunteer teachers. This form of tutoring is usually organised by the school board.

Finally, the most popular form of tutoring is provided by private tutoring centres (dershane). These centres act like private schools with professional teachers. Students first complete an entrance test and are placed into classes according to their results. These schools charge a monthly fee and can be expensive.

Special-needs education in Turkey

The Turkish government has a policy to keep disabled children in mainstream classes as far as possible.

Many international schools in Turkey offer special-needs education, but the type of support offered varies from school to school. Some schools offer assistance with only mild learning difficulties while others will have more extensive support systems designed to deal with a range of needs. 

The British International School in Istanbul is one international school that offers special needs support throughout their primary and secondary departments. 

Istanbul has also opened a special education and training school, called HAYPADER Special Education Practice School, that offers equal opportunities in education to children with disabilities. This school also offers scholarships for children from low income families.

Expat parents looking for special-needs education should be sure to research schools before relocating to Turkey. The ideal is to find the best fit between the school and the child – one that can meet their particular needs and has the right experience and resources. Parents could contact the Guidance Study Centre in the area they will be living in. 

The Guidance Study Centre evaluates children’s physical abilities, personal development and academic competences. The centre then provides recommendations on education options. It also gives the family guidance and counselling on the care and treatment of a child with special needs. 

Turkey is generally considered a safe destination, and many expats relocate there without problems. Nevertheless, a risk of terrorism has raised concerns of safety in Turkey, with several attacks having targeted popular tourist areas in the past, including Istanbul's Atatürk Airport. Road safety is also a concern, and expats should take to the roads with caution. 

Crime in Turkey

Crime rates in Turkey are generally low, but pickpocketing and muggings do occur in the popular tourist areas of Turkey. Expats should follow the normal precautions to lower the risk of being a victim of such crimes.

Expats should note that it’s illegal to insult Turkey, the Turkish ethnicity, the government or the founder of modern-day Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Penalties for contravening this carry fines and possible imprisonment of up to three years.

Although there are no dress restrictions in Turkey, female expats should rather avoid wearing clothing that is too revealing as this may attract unwanted attention.

Terrorism in Turkey

There is an ongoing threat of terrorism in Turkey due to the presence of both local and regional terrorist groups; these largely include Leftists, Kurdish separatists and Islamic extremists.

The most prominent terrorist organisation in Turkey is the Kurdistan People's Congress, also known as Kongra-Gel (KGK) or PKK. The group is composed of ethnic Kurds with a separatist agenda who operate mostly in southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq. The regional terrorist group, ISIS, has also carried out attacks in Turkey, as well as the leftist group known as the DHKP/C.

Although there have been terrorist attacks in Turkey in recent years, the government's implementation of anti-terror operations has led to a major decline in attacks. Due to the terrorist threat in the country, however, many governments warn their citizens to be vigilant and advise against travel to higher-risk regions. While the two major cities, Istanbul and Ankara, have been targeted in the past, the eastern and southeastern provinces, including Diyarbakır, Batman, Hakkâri, Şırnak, Siirt and Tunceli, have suffered the majority of the terrorist attacks in Turkey. Attacks are generally more frequent before major political events and anniversaries.

The ongoing conflict in neighbouring Syria has had an effect on some Turkish towns, which have been struck by stray bullets and artillery rounds. Several governments carry advisories against travel to the border areas with Syria. Expats should follow the instructions of their local embassy with regard to travel to the Syrian border or any other high-risk areas in Turkey.

Protests in Turkey

Protests and demonstrations occur quite frequently in the country, and are generally directed against the government and its policies. Taksim Square and İstiklâl Caddesi in Istanbul, the downtown Kızılay area, and across the street from the American Embassy in Ankara are popular protest areas. Expats should monitor local developments and avoid all large political gatherings.

Road safety in Turkey

Road safety is a concern and expats may find driving in Turkey a challenge. Drivers are generally aggressive and often ignore the basic rules of the road. It should be noted that pedestrians don’t have the right of way, so expats should be extra cautious when crossing the road.

Expats considering a move to Turkey will naturally have many concerns about life in this culturally-rich country. From their safety and security to healthcare and schooling concerns, here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about expat life in Turkey.

Are there international schools in Turkey?

There are numerous international schools in Turkey, and most are based in Ankara or Istanbul. These schools teach foreign curricula including the International Baccalaureate, British and American. There are good British, French and German schools in Turkey. Tuition at these schools can be steep, and due to the high demand, places can be limited and parents should plan well in advance.

Although expat children are allowed to attend Turkish public schools, most expat parents choose to send their children to international schools. Although expats who have young children and who plan to stay in Turkey for a long time should maybe consider sending their children to local schools. This will assist them in learning the language, assimilating into the culture and making local friends. 

Will I find good healthcare facilities in Turkey?

There are many private and public hospitals in Turkey. The quality of healthcare varies, but hospitals are generally efficient and doctors well-trained. Turkey has actually gained a reputation as a medical tourism destination, particularly in the area of cosmetic surgery, dentistry and fertility treatment. This may have something to do with the fact that healthcare in Turkey is generally cheaper than most expats will find in the rest of Europe. Pharmacies are also plentiful in the main cities and towns. Expats shouldn’t struggle to find most over-the-counter medications.

Is it difficult to import my car into Turkey?

Expats moving to Turkey may want to carefully consider whether they should bring their own car with them. The process for importing a car into Turkey can be complicated and expensive. The Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey regulates the process. Expats will need to submit numerous documents, after which they will have to get an Alien Vehicles Temporary Entrance Carnet to import their car.

Is Turkey safe?

Turkey is generally a safe destination for expats, but an ongoing threat of terrorism has been cause for concern for many considering a move there. A number of local and regional terrorist groups have carried out attacks in the country. Although, the number of attacks has declined dramatically as the government has put many operations in place that have clamped down on these groups. Authorities act quickly against such attacks and view the protection of foreign visitors and residents as a priority. Expats living in Turkey should keep abreast of local developments and always exercise caution and awareness if visiting popular tourist spots and when using public transport.

It is difficult to get a work permit in Turkey?

Unfortunately, getting a work permit for Turkey can be difficult as there are restrictions on which jobs are available to foreigners, and employers will also have to prove that a local does not possess the skills required for the job. For this reason, it is recommended that expats get a job and apply for their work permit before they arrive. 

The application process does involve quite a bit of paperwork and co-ordination with one's employer. Expats will have to send in an application with the Turkish embassy nearest to them, while their employer applies with the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security. Both of these applications must be submitted within 10 days of one another, and may take up to 30 days to be approved. 

With a developed transport infrastructure, it’s quite easy to get around Turkey. Most towns and cities have taxis and bus services, and railway and bus routes also connect most destinations across the country. The road network is well developed, so it’s possible to drive in Turkey, but driving conditions are not always of a high standard.

Public transport in Turkey

Buses

Turkey has a well-developed bus network. Bus travel is one of the easiest and cheapest options for getting around the country. Most Turkish cities and towns have a central bus station (otogar) where expats can catch a bus to most destinations across the country. Tickets can be bought at the bus station or bus company offices.

Most buses are air-conditioned and offer a good quality service. Many are staffed by assistants who serve drinks and snacks. Long-distance Turkish buses aren’t usually equipped with onboard toilets, but there are frequent stops at rest stops along the way. Cell phone use is generally restricted on many buses and expats may get a few dirty looks if talking too loudly.

Trains

Turkish Republic State Railways operates passenger trains across the country and links all the major cities. 

On some routes, there are comfortable seating and sleeping compartments. The high-speed Istanbul to Ankara line is the most used in Turkey, with several daily trains operating on this line. Delays are frequent, but the journey generally takes between six and ten hours.

Aswell as the Istanbul to Ankara route, the high-speed train also runs between Ankara and Konya, and Eskisehir and Konya. Turkey hopes to have high-speed train routes operating around the entire country by 2023. 

Many of Turkey's main cities, including Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Adana and İzmir also have metro systems. Some cities and towns in Turkey also have light rail transit systems, including trams.

Ferries

There are numerous ferry services in Turkey. They include a regular service across the Dardanelles at Gallipoli, cross-Bosphorus and short-hop ferries between various parts of Istanbul. Ferries also connect Turkey with other countries in the region, including Greece and Cyprus.

Taxis 

Turkey’s main airports include Atatürk International Airport, located outside of Istanbul, and Ankara Esenboğa, which is just outside of the capital. There are daily domestic flights to and from many destinations across Turkey. The national carrier, Turkish Airlines, is the most popular, but there are several smaller carriers offering flights to various destinations in the country.

As a country straddling Europe and Asia, Turkey is a unique destination with a rich cultural heritage that blends East and West. Although the country has such diverse influences and is quite multi-cultural, expats are still likely to experience some culture shock in Turkey, and adjusting to life there may take some time.

Turkish people are generally friendly and welcoming to foreigners, and expats should move to Turkey with an open mind and not be afraid to embrace all aspects of their new life. The slightest effort to learn and speak Turkish will be highly appreciated.

Religion in Turkey

Although the majority of Turkey's population are Muslim, the country is adamant about its persona as a secular state. This stance is enshrined in the country's constitution but, between the secularists and the traditionalists, tension continues over issues such as the Islamic headscarf and women's rights. 

For all practical purposes, and in Istanbul in particular, one can safely practise one’s own religion and Western dress is widely worn. Despite this, local religious customs should always be respected. This is especially important during the Muslim holy month of Ramazan (Ramadan) when Muslims refrain from eating, drinking and smoking between sunrise and sunset.

Understanding gestures in Turkey

Turks consider it rude to say 'no' outright if something is not possible. Instead, expats may get a roundabout explanation which new arrivals may find confusing and frustrating. Unlike shaking the head, Turks have a unique gesture for indicating ‘no’ – it is an upward flick of the head accompanied by a clicking of the tongue. 

Addressing others in Turkey

In Turkey, women will always be addressed by their first names with a hanim (pronounced 'hanum', meaning lady) attached to it. It is not considered familiar or rude to use first names. For example, Jane Smith will be addressed as Jane hanim, rather than Mrs Smith. The male equivalent of hanim is bey (pronounced 'bay') and, as such, John Smith will be addressed as John bey.

Women in Turkey

Turkish people are known for their friendliness, but sometimes this extends a bit far when it comes to how men respond to women. Although most men are respectful towards women, reports of sexual harassment of foreign women in Turkey are an unfortunate reality, particularly on public transport or on the streets of Istanbul. It’s not unusual for Turkish men to perceive Western women as sexually promiscuous and for expat women to be the target of lewd comments. Female expats should rather avoid going out alone, especially at night.

Expats doing business in Turkey will find themselves in a unique and dynamic business environment. With the country straddling Asia and Europe and sitting within reach of the Middle East, Turkey is a melting pot of Western, Eastern and Arabic influences.

Doing business in Turkey is not overly complicated, but expats need to have a good grasp of the local business environment and the country’s unique cultural and social dynamics. 

Turkey has a large and well-educated population. Due to its political and economic stability, and its strategic geographic location, it has been seen by many international investors as the stepping stone to Central Asia and the Middle East. As such, many international organisations have set up regional offices in Turkey, particularly in the capital, Ankara, and Istanbul. 

In the World Bank’s 2020 Ease of Doing Business Survey, Turkey was placed 33rd out of 190 countries surveyed. The country scored well for factors such as protecting minority investors (21st), registering property (27th) and enforcing contracts (24th), but low in resolving insolvency (120th).

Fast facts

Business dress

Business dress in Turkey is conservative. Men are expected to wear a suit and tie, although high temperatures and humidity in Turkish cities may sometimes negate this and a shirt and smart trousers are acceptable. Women should also wear smart business suits and ensure that they keep their shoulders, arms and legs covered at all times.

Greeting

A firm handshake is exchanged when male associates greet each other and direct eye contact should be maintained at all times. This is often accompanied by the Islamic greeting, ‘Assalamu alaikum' (peace be upon you). Most women will also shake hands with business associates, although some Muslim women may not shake hands. If unsure, wait for a woman to initiate greetings.

Language of business

Turkish is the official language of business, although English is widely spoken by Turkish businesspeople. Other languages spoken in Turkey include Kurdish and Arabic. It may be useful for expats to learn a few key phrases of Turkish as this will be highly appreciated, but interpreters are also plentiful in Turkish business circles. 

Business hours

Business hours are usually Monday to Friday, 9am to 6pm, with lunch generally between 12pm and 1pm. Muslims may break for prayer five times a day and leave the office early on a Friday for afternoon prayers. Many Turks take vacation during July and August. This should be considered when arranging meetings and appointments.

Gender equality

The workforce in Turkey is not gender equal as only 34 percent of Turkish women work. Conservative attitudes are still common in Turkey, although Turkish businessmen are generally respectful of women.  

Gifts

Gift-giving is not an established practice in Turkish business circles. If giving gifts, be mindful of the Muslim culture. Gifts of alcohol or pork products should be avoided.

Business culture in Turkey

Family is important in Turkish culture and this carries through to the nation’s business culture. Many businesses in Turkey are still family-run and owned, and business is extremely personal. The key to doing business in Turkey is, therefore, in building strong and long-lasting personal relationships with Turkish associates. 

Communications

Courtesy and respect are important. When conducting meetings in Turkey, asking personal questions about family, and chatting about Turkish culture and football are good first steps before moving into any formal business discussions. Direct eye contact is also important as Turks see this as a sign of respect.

Gestures are significant in Turkey but may be confusing if expats aren't aware of their meaning. Nodding one’s head forward and down indicates 'yes', while 'no' is indicated by nodding one’s head up and back. Shaking one’s head from side to side indicates that something is not understood. 

Hierarchy

Rank and authority are respected in Turkish business circles. Decisions are made from the top down, usually by the head of the family or company. Nevertheless, the opinions of the group are important and those doing business in Turkey may find themselves having initial meetings with less senior associates first, only moving on to meet higher-level executives or senior family members once a relationship and trust has been established. Decision-making can, therefore, be a slow process, and patience is required.

Religion in business

Although Turkey is a secular state, Islam is the dominant religion and has a strong influence over Turkish culture and business practices. This is evident in the frequent prayer times for Muslims who will break five times a day to pray. Friday is traditionally the Islam holy day, and most men will attend Friday afternoon prayers. Expats doing business in Turkey should keep this in mind when arranging business meetings and appointments.

During the holy month of Ramazan (Ramadan), Muslims are required to fast and refrain from smoking and drinking. Expats should respect the traditions and refrain from eating, drinking and smoking in front of Muslim associates during this time.

Dos and don’ts of business in Turkey

• Do maintain eye contact when speaking to Turkish associates

• Do remember that business can be extremely personal in Turkey, so building personal relationships is important to establishing lasting business connections

• Do use both hands when handing over a business card or giving a gift

• Don't be offended if a Turkish business associate stands close while conversing. Turks do not require as much personal space as some Westerners may be used to.

• Do learn the significance of gestures when negotiating with Turkish associates as these may lead to confusion or miscommunication

Turkey has a sound banking infrastructure with plenty of local and foreign options for expats to choose from. Expats moving to Turkey on an employment package may be surprised to find that they generally don’t get to choose the bank they would prefer to use. Rather, employers choose a single bank to work with. Employees are then responsible for opening the appropriate bank account to receive payment.

Money in Turkey

The official currency of Turkey is the Turkish Lira (TRY), which is divided into 100 kuruş. 

• 5 TRY, 10 TRY, 20 TRY, 50 TRY, 100 TRY and 200 TRY

• 5 kuruş, 10 kuruş, 25 kuruş and 50 kuruş and 1 TRY

Of the local banks in Turkey, Garanti Bank is known for making a more pointed attempt at employing staff who can communicate in English and is often chosen by employers hiring foreigners for its efforts (though not necessarily successful) to cater to expatriates. Alternatively, İşbank owns several European branches and may be more convenient for expats relocating from the EU. Akbank is another local option that offers a full range of services for expats.

Foreign banks in Turkey include Deutsche Bank, HSBC and Citibank. Internet banking services are provided by nearly all banks, and local banks offer web pages in English as well as Turkish.

Most banks operate between 9am and 5pm. Some Turkish banks remain open during lunch hours, but this tends to be the busiest time of the day and queues can be long.

Opening a bank account

Opening a Turkish bank account is relatively easy for expats. Generally, a copy of one’s passport, a tax number, residence permit and proof of address are required.

To obtain a tax number, expats need to go to the local tax office with their passport.

ATMs and credit cards

There are ATMs in most malls. Bureau de change offices are available in commercial areas in Turkey's main cities. 

Visa and MasterCard are commonly accepted in Turkey, including for home delivery as the delivery person will bring a portable machine.

Personal cheques, however, aren't commonly accepted in most places, and banks do not routinely issue cheque books.

Most expats who move to Turkey do so for sunny skies and its ideal retirement options. There are also thousands of expats working in Turkey, and many more trying to relocate to take advantage of professional opportunities.

A limiting factor for foreign nationals has always been Turkey's conservative approach to issuing work permits. Despite improvements in bureaucracy, the government is still hesitant to grant too many of these prized pieces of paperwork as a result of the country's high unemployment rate.

Job market in Turkey

Those who have been lucky enough to be brought abroad by an employer willing to sponsor their job contract will find the Turkish labour force generally hard-working and dedicated, with few qualms about working after hours if necessary.

The Turkish economy is growing consistently. It has been lauded for its complex mix of modern industry and commerce, along with a traditional agricultural sector.

It is still possible for expats with an adequate skill set and a bit of determination to find jobs in Turkey. Most often, foreigners obtain employment working in the tourism, teaching, real estate and finance fields in the more expat-friendly city of Istanbul. This major metropolis also presents opportunities in the engineering, information technology, human resources, design, business, marketing and sales departments; though positions in these fields are more of a rarity.

As in the past, there is plenty of opportunity for expats to teach English in Turkey. Many institutions merely require a college degree with no formal teaching training necessary, although having the appropriate qualifications will assist in getting the job. Adequate salaries accompany these positions, but expats looking to support a family will need a larger income.

Nevertheless, the Turkish job market is restricted to foreigners, and expats are not permitted to work in specific fields. For example, foreigners are not allowed to be employed in the mining industry, as executive directors of travel agencies and in some professional occupations, such as pharmacists, nurses and dentists.

Finding a job in Turkey

As employers have to apply for work permits for Turkey on behalf of foreign workers, expats should find employment before they arrive. 

Key means of securing a job are to browse online job portals and to contact recruitment agencies. Many multinational corporations are operating in Turkey and might list prospects on their websites. 

Work culture in Turkey

Generally, Turks are hospitable towards foreign workers. This is ideal for expats as business can be extremely personal in Turkey. Turks like to take time to form relationships and prefer doing business with those they trust. Turkish business culture is also exceptionally hard working, and new arrivals should expect to work longer hours than they may be used to. 

Business is hierarchical in Turkey. Those in senior positions are given great respect and their decisions are generally not questioned in public.

It is also important for expats to remember that, although Turkey is a secular state, Islam is the dominant religion and does have an impact of business culture. Being respectful of religious practises and how these may impact on office hours and behaviours will go a long way in assisting expats to gain the trust and respect of their colleagues as well as helping them adjust to the working environment in Turkey.

Straddling Europe and Asia, Turkey is a multicultural country with a rich history. Due to its sunny weather, welcoming culture and low cost of living, many expats relocate to Turkey for retirement, but the country has plenty to offer expats who can obtain a work permit. As with most countries, moving to Turkey has its benefits and disadvantages.

Below are some of the main pros and cons of living in Turkey.

Cost of living in Turkey

+ PRO: Low cost of living

Turkey boasts a cost of living that is much lower than many other European countries. Expats with foreign purchasing power can live very well in Turkey, although even those who work in Turkey and are paid in Turkish lira can live comfortably.

- CON: Expensive imported goods

Due to a high import tax, imported goods come at a premium. Expats should also be aware of the high cost of electronics and importing cars.

Healthcare in Turkey

+ PRO: Generally affordable healthcare

Since 2003, Turkey has invested a tremendous amount into transforming its healthcare system, expanding access to and quality of healthcare. Under the public health scheme, those earning below a certain threshold have access to free health insurance, while it remains relatively inexpensive for the rest. Private healthcare is also relatively affordable and is of great quality. As a result, Turkey has become something of a medical tourism destination.

- CON: Healthcare access and quality varies across the country

In the less developed parts of Turkey, public healthcare quality and accessibility may not be as good. Expats in rural areas should familiarise themselves with the standard of healthcare in their area.

Accommodation in Turkey

+ PRO: Variety of housing options

There is a wide range of accommodation in Turkey, with good opportunities to rent or buy apartments, houses, condominiums or villas. Expats can use an online property portal to find accommodation, or alternatively engage a real-estate agent.

- CON: Negotiation may be necessary

Negotiation is a key aspect of Turkish culture, and renting is no exception. Expats who are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with negotiating can ask an estate agent to negotiate for them.

Education in Turkey

+ PRO: Free primary and secondary education

Public primary and secondary education is free for all residents in Turkey, but the language of tuition in public schools is Turkish.

- CON: Limited space in international schools

International schools teach in English, but space is limited. Expat parents planning to move to Turkey should secure a spot as soon as possible.

- CON: Homeschooling is illegal

All Turkish children are required to attend school, and homeschooling is not considered a valid form of schooling in this regard. Parents of expat children argue that it should not apply to them, but parents of children with dual Turkish citizenship could face legal repercussions if their children are not registered with a private or public school.

Getting around in Turkey

+ PRO: Widespread and cost-effective public transport

Public transport is well-developed in Turkey. Bus travel in Turkey is easy and cheap, trains and planes are great for travelling between cities, and many of Turkey’s main cities have metro systems. Taxis and mini-bus taxis are also available in most cities.

- CON: Road safety is a concern

Adherence to road rules is low, and local drivers can be reckless. Turkey has one of the world’s highest motor vehicle accident rates, so expats should exercise caution both as drivers and pedestrians.

Lifestyle in Turkey

+ PRO: Hospitable and friendly people

Hospitality is a foundation of Turkish culture, and Turkish people are known for their friendliness and generosity. It's not unusual for people in public to be invited by strangers to have tea or a meal.

+ PRO: Turkey is a secular state

The majority of people in Turkey are Muslim, but individuals are free to practice their religion. That said, it is always wise to respect local religious customs such as refraining from eating, drinking and smoking in front of fasting Muslims during Ramadan.

- CON: Women may receive unwelcome attention

Although there is a blend of traditional Muslim and modern European fashion in city streets, women should be prepared to avoid revealing or tight clothing, covering their legs and shoulders. This is especially true in more conservative rural areas. Catcalling is quite common in Turkey.

- CON: Limited freedom of expression

Insulting Turkey, the Turkish people or the government is illegal and could lead to fines or even imprisonment. There are also restrictions on what the Turkish press may report. Additionally, many Turkish people are fiercely nationalistic and may take criticisms of their country or government personally.

Working in Turkey

- CON: Strict employment laws

It can be difficult for foreigners to secure a job. Because of the country’s high unemployment rate, the government is conservative with issuing work permits.

Safety and security in Turkey

- CON: Risk of terrorism

Although Turkey is generally a safe country with low levels of violent crime, the threat of terrorist acts remains a concern. Expats should stay up to date with current events and exercise caution near tourist spots and when using public transport. Many governments advise their citizens to be vigilant and avoid high-risk areas of the country.

Turkey embassies

• Turkish Embassy, Washington DC, United States: +1 202 612 6700

• Turkish Embassy, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7393 0202

• Turkish Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 789 4044

• Turkish Embassy, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6234 0000

• Turkish Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 342 6053

• Turkish Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 668 5240

• Turkish Embassy, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 472 1290

Foreign embassies in Turkey

• United States Consulate General, Istanbul: +90 212 335 9000

• British Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 455 3344

• Canadian Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 409 2700

• Australian Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 459 9500

• South African Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 405 6861

• Irish Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 459 1000

• New Zealand Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 446 3333

Turkey is a large country with huge variability in climate. Along Turkey's coast, the weather is influenced by the adjacent sea. The Mediterranean Sea produces its famed hot summers and mild winters, while areas close to the Black Sea have cooler summers and less extreme ranges in temperature. Weather in Turkey's interior, however, features an even greater contrast, with hot summers and cold winters. 

The capital, Ankara, has warm and dry summers with averages of 68°F (20°C), and cold and snowy winters. January, the coldest month, generally has an average temperature of 30°F (-1°C). Ankara's rainy season is in spring and it's particularly wet during May.

The majority of expats choose to settle in Istanbul, which can be windy throughout the year. Summer in Istanbul is from June to September, and features hot and humid weather with temperatures averaging 82°F (28°C). Summers are also generally drier, but there may be rain all year round. Winters, which begin in December and end in March, are characterised by cold, wet and occasionally snowy weather, but temperatures rarely reach freezing.

Situated on the Anatolian Peninsula, Turkey straddles both Europe and Asia. Expat will discover that, while the country consists of rollings hills, an elevated central plateau and high Rocky Mountains, it is also surrounded by water on three sides. With access to the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea, Turkey is blessed with gorgeous coastlines. 

Expats relocating to Turkey will discover wonderful contradictions are part of a daily life that flawlessly marries the ancient and the modern, and where Europe and Asia meet across the Bosphorus.

Living in Turkey as an expat

Due to the country's strict employment laws, it can be difficult for foreigners to secure a job. Despite this, most new arrivals either find employment in finance, tourism or teaching English within the Turkish schooling system. 

Those moving to Turkey should ensure they have all the relevant paperwork in place. Visitors are now only able to stay in Turkey for a total of 90 days in any period of 180 days, and visas need to be applied for before entering the country. Those wishing to reside in Turkey long term need to obtain a relevant residence or work permit.

The country’s healthcare system as a whole may not be up to the standards that many Westerners are used to, but top notch private healthcare facilities can be found in the major cities of Ankara and Istanbul. Many doctors in these facilities will be able to speak English.

Cost of living in Turkey

Expats will find the cost of living in Turkey more reasonable than in neighbouring European countries. Everyday expenses are extremely affordable in Turkey, although imported goods and petrol tend to be a lot more expensive than places such as the UK and US. Although accommodation is comparably cheap in Turkey, expats will find this to be their biggest expense. Even private healthcare won't break the bank. 

Those expats with foreign purchasing power will be able to make their money last longer and reach further, even if choosing to live in the popular expat areas or coastal resort towns.

Expat families and children

Although public schooling is free for all residents, the majority of expats send their children to international schools in the country. Majority of these schools can be found in Ankara and Istanbul. While these schools teach international curricula in international languages, expats wanting to send their children to these schools should be prepared to pay extraordinarily high fees.

Alternatively, those who have young children and who plan on staying in Turkey permanently should consider a local Turkish school. This will help the children to pick up the language quickly, assimilate into the culture and make local friends. 

Climate in Turkey

Turkey is a large country with huge variability in climate. Along Turkey's coastlines, expats will find that the weather is influenced by the adjacent sea. While the Mediterranean Sea produces its famed hot summers and mild winters, the areas close to the Black Sea have cooler summers and less extreme ranges in temperature. Weather in Turkey's interior features an even greater contrast, with hot summers and cold winters.

Although Turkey's most popular city and the centre where most expats are based is Istanbul, there is much more to the country than just one city. Turkey has a wide range of landscapes and sights that will readily appeal to history buffs, nightclub fanatics, archaeology nuts, sun worshippers, city lovers and shopping addicts. Expats wanting to dip their toes in the rich culture and vibrant lifestyle of the beautiful country will discover just how much Turkey has to offer. 

Fast facts

Official name: Republic of Turkey

Population: About 85 million

Capital city: Ankara

Other major cities: Istanbul, Antalya, Izmir, Bursa

Neighbouring countries: Turkey is bordered by Bulgaria and Greece to the west, Georgia and Armenia to the northeast, Iran to the east and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. Cyprus sits just off of Turkey's southern coast.

Political system: Presidential republic

Major religions: Islam is the dominant religion with more than 90 percent of the population practising the faith. 

Main languages: Turkish is the official language, but some English is often spoken and widely understood in the main cities and tourist areas.

Time: GMT+3

Electricity: 220V, 50Hz. The European two-pin plug is standard.

Money: The Turkish Lira (TRY) is divided into 100 kuruş. To open a bank account in Turkey, most banks require proof of address, a passport and a Turkish tax number.

Internet domain: .tr

International dialling code: +90

Emergency numbers: 155 (police), 112 (ambulance), 110 (fire)

Transport and driving: Cars in Turkey drive on the right side of the road. Major cities have adequate public transport, but a car may be necessary if living in more remote areas.

Whether going to Turkey on holiday or wanting to live and work there for the long term, it's necessary to obtain a visa to visit the country.

Expats should note that their passport must be valid for at least 60 days past the duration of their desired visa. 

Visit visas for Turkey

Nationals of several countries can obtain a visa upon arrival at the border, but it is recommended that travellers apply for their visa online before travelling to Turkey. The e-Visa application is straightforward, making it to get a tourist or business visa in a matter of minutes. 

Most entry visas for Turkey are multiple-entry and valid for 90 days. It used to be possible to leave Turkey after 90 days and then re-enter the country immediately for a further 90-day period. However, Turkish authorities have changed this. Visitors will only be able to stay in Turkey for a total of 90 days in any period of 180 days. These days don't have to be consecutive, but they can't be exceeded. The law directly affects expats who have previously resided in Turkey on a tourist visa and made 'visa runs', exiting the country temporarily every 90 days to renew their privileges.

Those who overstay their visa will be subject to bans or fines. This law is designed to encourage long-term residents and expats living in Turkey to apply for proper residence status – documentation that ends up being far more costly than a basic tourist visa.

Work permits for Turkey 

Once they've found a job, expats wishing to work in Turkey must apply to their nearest Turkish mission to obtain a work permit. Expats will need to provide their passport, visa application form and a letter from their employer. Other documents will also need to be submitted to the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security simultaneously by the employer (no later than three working days after application). Applications normally take up to two months to finalise.

Residence permits for Turkey

It is now no longer necessary for foreigners working in Turkey to apply for their residence permit separately, as their work permit will include their residence authorisation. 

Those moving to Turkey with their families should also note that dependants applying for a residence permit will also need to file their application at the Turkish consulate.

Depending on the category applied for, the time for which a residence visa is valid ranges from 30 days to three years. The short-term residence visa, the most popular residence visa available, is valid for a maximum of two years. 

Foreigners who wish to live, study or work in Turkey are required to register at their nearest police department upon arrival in Turkey, regardless of the validity of their visa. They will be required to present a number of documents, such as their passport and proof of address.

*Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Expats eager to obtain a work permit for Turkey may have their hopes put on hold as the process is characterised by a large amount of paperwork and coordination. 

Expats may be surprised to learn that requesting a work permit is a double-application process. Both the expat employee and the sponsoring employer must apply, with the necessary documents, to the appropriate bodies within 10 days of each other. The expat will be required to submit their application to their nearest Turkish consulate and their employer in Turkey will have to deal with the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security. 

Only those individuals who can prove they possess a specific skill not demonstrated by a member of the local Turkish population can qualify to receive a work permit. Furthermore, only a business entity formally registered in Turkey can submit a work permit application.

Theoretically, it follows that an expat who wishes to work in Turkey must have a job offer before pursuing the permit.

Expats should note that there are several job categories that the Turkish government has specifically banned foreign nationals from working in.

Applying for a work permit for Turkey

Work permits for Turkey are either granted by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security (within Turkish borders) or, if abroad, from the Consulate of the Turkish Republic. 

An application must be accompanied by a letter from the employing company. Typically the letter must contain essential information such as the business's name, address and industry, as well as other specifics dictated by the Turkish state.

Normal processing time is approximately one month, but it may take longer. Work permits are dual-purpose as they also function as residency permits. 

*Please note that visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice and expats should contact their nearest Turkish consulate for the latest information.

The quality of healthcare in Turkey varies from region to region. Expats moving to Turkey will be happy to know that healthcare in the country is generally cheaper than elsewhere in Europe and that there are many private and public hospitals across the country. 

Expats moving to one of the major urban centres in Turkey, such as Istanbul or Ankara will have access to high-quality private hospitals with experienced doctors and medical staff, most of whom can speak English. Those living in more rural areas, however, will find access to healthcare still quite limited.

Public healthcare in Turkey

Public healthcare in Turkey has seen improvements in recent years that have led to an increase in the quality of public institutions. While most expats still choose to go to a private medical facility, state healthcare is available to all residents who have registered with GSS, Turkey's public health insurance scheme. The GSS provides cover for primary care and emergency services. While most services are free, some are only subsidised, but out-of-pocket expenses tend to be minimal. Expats can also get additional private health insurance to cover these additional expenses. 

Private healthcare in Turkey

Private hospitals in Turkey are relatively cheap and offer good quality care. In fact, Turkey is beginning to make a name for itself as a medical tourism destination, particularly in the areas of cosmetic surgery, dentistry and fertility treatment. It’s normally easy to make an appointment at a private hospital as many of them have English speaking call centres. Although private facilities and services in Turkey are cheaper than in other countries, it is still necessary to get private health insurance to cover medical expenses. 

Medicines and pharmacies in Turkey

Pharmacies (eczane) are plentiful in the main towns and cities. Expats living in Turkey will find that accessing medicines at pharmacies is relatively easy. Many prescription medications are available cheaply and over the counter. Most neighbourhoods in major cities have a duty pharmacy that is generally open 24 hours a day.

Health insurance in Turkey

It's compulsory for all residents who are under 65 and living in Turkey to have either public or private health insurance. 

Expats who have been residents in Turkey for more than a year with a valid residence permit can apply to Turkey's public health insurance scheme (GSS), which is administered by the state-run Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK). Many employers contribute to public health insurance on their employee’s behalf. Despite this, many expats opt for additional private medical insurance to supplement their public insurance and to cover medical care at private institutions. It’s worth noting that the European Health Insurance Card, relating to free medical treatment in EU countries, is not valid in Turkey. 

Several international companies offer private expat health insurance. Local Turkish companies also offer competitive rates and services. International health insurance can cost thousands of US dollars per year, depending on one’s policy and benefits. Local Turkish health insurance is equally effective and far cheaper. 

Health hazards in Turkey

Expats should only drink bottled water. Malaria is present in the southeastern regions of Turkey, and prophylaxis is necessary if travelling to the affected areas. May to October is the highest risk period for Malaria, and expats should therefore take further precautions during these months.

Pre-travel restrictions and vaccinations for Turkey

There are no specific vaccinations required for entry into Turkey, although those coming from a yellow fever infected area should have a yellow fever certificate.

It’s also recommended to have a rabies injection, especially if travelling outside of the main urban areas, as Turkey has one of the highest incidents of rabies in Europe.

Emergency services in Turkey

Turkey has a public ambulance service, which can be contacted by dialling 112, but operators may not be able to understand English.

Some hospitals in the major cities offer private ambulance services which can be accessed directly through them. These are often better equipped and have faster response times than public ambulances.