Several international companies offer competitive quotes for shipping and removals in Egypt. Shipping outside Cairo will be more difficult and expensive, but it is still feasible.

We recommend that small, expensive items be brought in personal luggage or air freight, as things can go missing when going through Egyptian customs. It is also a good idea to insure expensive shipped goods and to secure coverage through a different company than the one used for shipping to ensure complete and honest coverage.

That said, it is often much cheaper to buy new items from within Egypt than to ship them from another country. This will not only save on shipping costs but also on any duties or taxes imposed on imported goods. Electronics and furniture attract steep import duties, although expats relocating with used personal effects may qualify for temporary duty exemptions through their employer. Everyday goods can often be bought cheaply in Egypt.

Banned items for shipping to Egypt

Egypt has a strict policy in place for bringing in items considered offensive to religious beliefs or contrary to public morality. Be sure to check the government lists or phone the nearest Egyptian embassy before shipping. Narcotics and drugs, raw cotton, firearms, drones, and birds or any bird by-products are also banned from shipping to Egypt. Two-way radios and satellite phones are prohibited without a permit, and certain prescription medications that are legal elsewhere may be restricted.

Among other things, the quantities of alcohol, cigarettes, tobacco, and perfume that can be brought into the country are strictly regulated. It is also essential for expats to ensure that any literature or media they bring into the country is not considered offensive to religious beliefs or public morality. Pornographic material is strictly prohibited.

Useful links

• US International Trade Administration: Egypt Prohibited and Restricted Imports
• US International Trade Administration: Egypt Customs Regulations

Shipping pets to Egypt

Shipping pets to Egypt requires some planning. Dogs and cats must be at least four months old to enter the country. They will also need a health certificate from a valid government veterinarian in their home country. This certificate must be issued within 14 days of travel, and it should then be endorsed by the national veterinary authority in your home country. Your pet may still be subject to examination upon arrival in Egypt.

Pets must have had a rabies vaccination at least 30 days before travel, but no more than 11 months prior. Dogs and cats also require their core vaccinations, administered between four weeks and 12 months before departure. Pets must be microchipped with a chip that complies with ISO 11784/11785 standards, and the microchip must have been implanted before the rabies vaccination was administered.

Several animals are banned from being brought into Egypt, including birds, reptiles, rodents, and rabbits. 

Egypt’s dangerous animal laws ban three dog breeds outright: the Brazilian Mastiff (Fila Brasileiro), South African Mastiff (Boerboel), and Dogo Canario. Breeds such as German Shepherds, Pitbulls, and American Bullies may be kept with a veterinary licence. Breed regulations change frequently, so expats should contact their nearest Egyptian embassy for the latest requirements before travel.

Useful links

• PetTravel.com: Egypt Pet Import Regulations
• How to Bring a Pet into Egypt by petstravelinfo.com
• USDA APHIS: Pet Travel from the United States to Egypt

Doing business in Egypt can be a daunting and somewhat frustrating process for those unfamiliar with the culture and economic realities of the country. To succeed in Egyptian business, you will need to familiarise yourself with the local culture and build solid relationships with your counterparts.

Every step of the business process in Egypt can take much longer than it would in Western European countries or the USA, so build generous buffers into your timelines for negotiations and possible setbacks. If you are moving to Egypt to set up a business, arrange meetings as far in advance as possible, even before arriving in the country. Confirm the meeting close to the time, too.

Fast facts

Business hours

Sunday to Thursday, from 9am to 5pm. This can vary between businesses; government offices often close earlier, around 3pm. Hours are reduced during Ramadan.

Business language

The official language in Egypt is Arabic, but English is also widely spoken and understood in the business world.

Greetings

The most common greeting is a handshake. Close associates may kiss one another on the cheek. Men should wait for local women to extend their hands first; if they do not, a slight nod of the head is appropriate.

Dress

Smart and conservative, especially for women. First impressions are important in Egypt and are strongly influenced by how you present yourself, so dressing well is essential. Men should wear dark-coloured, lightweight suits with a tie. Women should ensure that any skirt or dress falls below the knees and that their shoulders and arms are covered.

Gifts

It is customary to exchange gifts in Egypt. Gifts should be neatly wrapped and of high quality, and should be given with the right hand, or both hands if the gift is large. Gifts are not usually opened in the presence of the giver. Avoid giving flowers, as these are reserved for events such as funerals and weddings, or to comfort the ill. Alcohol and pork products are also unsuitable gifts, as the majority of Egyptians are Muslim.

Gender equality

Women are significantly underrepresented in Egyptian business; female labour force participation is around 17percent, and few women hold leadership positions. Expat businesswomen are typically respected in professional circles, although you will be expected to dress and behave more conservatively than you would in the West.

Business culture in Egypt

Relationships

Egyptians prioritise forming strong personal relationships with their business associates. Take time to earn the trust of potential business partners before you get down to brass tacks. Your network matters in Egyptian business culture; call upon local contacts for useful introductions and references.

Meetings and time

When meeting a business associate for the first time, do not expect to get straight down to business; Egyptians prefer to take some time to get to know you first. It’s best for expats to wait for their Egyptian business partner to steer the conversation towards business. Schedule meetings weeks in advance and confirm them at least two days before the date. Be prepared for meetings to start late or be interrupted by phone calls; this is normal and should not be taken as disrespect.

Negotiations

The key to negotiations in Egypt is patience. Business meetings are slow and lengthy. Egyptians are tough negotiators and will rarely settle for the initial terms of a contract. Avoid pressuring other parties during negotiations, as this will create distrust.

Hierarchy

The business environment in Egypt is hierarchical. Status and titles are held in high regard. Address people by their title followed by their surname. If no formal title exists, Mr or Mrs is sufficient.

Communication and saving face

Communication in Egyptian business tends to be indirect; listen carefully for non-verbal cues, and try not to put colleagues in a position where they might lose face. Honour is highly valued in both business and wider Egyptian society. A person’s word is their bond, and it’s considered deeply dishonourable to go back on a verbal agreement. Follow through with any promises made during negotiations, as this will show trustworthiness.

Dos and don’ts of business in Egypt

• Do take the time to get to know business associates on a personal and professional level. Business relationships in Egypt are based on familiarity and trust.
• Don't make promises you cannot keep. Honour is highly valued in business.
• Do dress well for business meetings. Appearances and first impressions are important.
• Don't expect to do business during Ramadan, as the pace slows considerably and work hours are shorter.
• Do make direct eye contact during negotiations, as it is considered a sign of honesty and sincerity.
• Do have your business cards printed in English on one side and Arabic on the other.
• Do accept offers of tea or coffee during meetings; it’s considered impolite to decline.
• Don't discuss politics or religion in business settings, as opinions can be strongly polarised.

The cost of living in Egypt is generally lower than in many Middle Eastern destinations such as Oman and Qatar, although it can be higher than in some North African neighbours.

Large cities like Cairo, which attract a significant expat population, generally have a higher cost of living than smaller towns. Daily expenses such as food, transport, and utilities remain relatively affordable when compared to many international destinations.

New cars and imported goods tend to be the biggest budget surprises for newcomers, while local food and public transport are consistently cheap by international standards.

Cost of accommodation in Egypt

The cost of accommodation in Egypt is highest in large cities like Cairo and Alexandria, while smaller towns and rural areas are far more affordable. Apartments in the city centre are also pricier than those in outlying suburbs.

You will also need to account for the cost of utilities as part of your monthly rental budget. This cost can be driven up by the constant use of air conditioning, which is a necessity in Egypt’s hot climate.

Renting Expat Accommodation in Egypt

Cost of transport in Egypt

The cost of transport in Egypt is a mixed bag. New car prices are high, even compared to Europe or North America, and petrol prices can spike from time to time. Public transport in Egypt, by contrast, is attractively priced, but may not offer the convenience and comfort of a personal vehicle.

Taxis are affordable and you can try to negotiate fares, although expats might not always get the local price. Many people use ride-hailing apps, which show prices upfront and skip the need to bargain. Overall, driving is cheaper here than in Western countries.

Transport and Driving in Egypt

Cost of groceries in Egypt

The cost of groceries in Egypt can consume as much or as little of your household budget as your lifestyle demands. Cooking at home with local ingredients, eating out locally a few times a month, and steering clear of fine dining restaurants will allow a comfortable standard of living on a reasonable budget.

Local goods are decently priced, but imported products are costly and should be avoided if possible. You can also visit local bazaars and markets to find inexpensive local goods.

Cost of entertainment and eating out in Egypt

The cost of entertainment and eating out in Egypt spans a wide range, from free street markets to lavish Nile dinner cruises. Many of the country’s attractions remain inexpensive to visit. Traditional bazaars like Khan el Khalili are free to wander, and most historic sites and museums charge entry fees that are modest by international standards.

Football (soccer) is a national pastime, and other sports are also very popular. Scuba diving and other water sports draw visitors and expats to the Red Sea coast.

Eating at local restaurants and street food stalls is very affordable compared to other countries. There are also many fine dining options and international cuisines, but you will pay much more for an upscale meal.

Cost of education in Egypt

The biggest line item in many expat budgets is the cost of education in Egypt. Public schools are free, but most expat parents prefer international schools. These schools tend to offer familiar curricula and high teaching standards at the cost of high fees, so they may not be suitable for those on a budget or those whose salary packages don’t include an education allowance.

Some of these schools offer flexible payment options and scholarships, so parents are advised to look into these options. International schools often pair strong academics with a broad extracurricular programme, justifying the costs for many parents.

Education and Schools in Egypt

Cost of healthcare in Egypt

Routine medical care is affordable, but the cost of healthcare in Egypt rises sharply for specialist treatment and hospitalisation. Public healthcare is available to residents, although the quality of services may not match what you are accustomed to. Most expats and many locals opt for private healthcare. You can pay out of pocket, but costs can add up quickly.

For this reason, private health insurance is recommended. Ideally, your policy should include medical evacuation to a country with stronger facilities, in case of an emergency or major surgery. The cost of health insurance will vary based on your age, lifestyle habits, and health status.

Healthcare in Egypt

Cost of living in Egypt chart

Prices are listed in Egyptian pounds (EGP) and may vary depending on the product and service provider. The list below shows average prices for Cairo in May 2026.

The pros and cons of moving to Egypt are as vivid as the country itself. The Great Pyramids of Giza are just the start; life as an expat here is layered in ways no postcard can prepare you for.

A clear picture of what to expect can make the transition less jarring. To give future expats a jumpstart, here are some of the major ups and downs of life in Egypt.

Cost of living in Egypt

+ PRO: Highly affordable living costs

The cost of living in Egypt is one of the most attractive parts of life in the country. If you earn in foreign currency, you will likely enjoy a higher quality of life than you would back home. The Egyptian pound has depreciated significantly in recent years, so your spending power in local currency stretches far. Costs are slightly higher in major cities, but everyday expenses from housing to groceries remain reasonably priced.

Cost of Living in Egypt

Accommodation in Egypt

+ PRO: Lots of options

There is plenty of variety in accommodation in Egypt. The property market includes sprawling villas and compact studio apartments alike, so you should have a fairly easy time finding something right for your budget. This is particularly true if you are paid in a foreign currency, such as US dollars. Those on a local salary will have fewer options, but a little effort goes a long way.

- CON: It can be challenging to find a reliable real estate agent

Locals often perceive expats as wealthy, and some estate agents charge higher fees than they would for an Egyptian national. Agents are also known to present expats with a flurry of unsuitable properties and little opportunity to inspect them properly. The result is that you may end up in a home you would not have picked, given more time. Stand your ground and try to avoid overzealous agents.

Renting Expat Accommodation in Egypt

Lifestyle in Egypt

+ PRO: Incredible sightseeing opportunities

Your doorstep here rivals any museum. The lifestyle in Egypt puts the pyramids of Giza and the awe-inspiring Sphinx within easy reach. Luxor’s Valley of the Kings and the temples of Abu Simbel are a short domestic flight away.

- CON: Nightlife depends on where you are

Egypt’s conservative culture means that the mainstream social scene doesn't really feature alcohol and clubbing. Cairo does have a decent range of rooftop bars and hotel lounges in neighbourhoods like Zamalek and New Cairo. Outside the largest cities, Western-style nightlife options are virtually nonexistent.

Culture in Egypt

+ PRO: Friendly locals

One of the real pleasures of Egyptian culture is the warmth of the locals. Egyptians will always be up for a chat or a helping hand, and if you are similarly open, you will make fast friends.

- CON: It can be difficult to adjust

The patriarchal culture prevalent in Egyptian society can be a shock. Western women in particular often have a hard time, as they find themselves the object of stares and catcalls. Generally, the best response is to ignore it. Conservative dress that covers your shoulders and knees can reduce unwanted attention, particularly outside expat-heavy neighbourhoods. When you feel unsafe, do not hesitate to ask a local woman for help.

Local Culture in Egypt
Business Culture in Egypt

Working in Egypt

- CON: Bureaucratic work permit process

Expats who want to work in Egypt will need a work permit, and the process is notoriously bureaucratic. Your employer must demonstrate that no qualified Egyptian candidate can fill the position, and foreign staff may not exceed 10 percent of their workforce. Work permits in Egypt are employer specific and are subject to annual renewals. If you change roles, you start from scratch.

+ PRO: An appealing base for remote workers

Egypt is an appealing base for remote workers and freelancers paid in foreign currency. Cairo’s low cost of living and GMT+2 time zone are hard to beat. The city has a lively startup scene and hosts offices for several multinational companies and international organisations. Business culture is relationship-driven; meetings often begin with tea and conversation before any formal agenda appears. Professionals who take the time to build trust will find doors open more easily.

Working in Egypt
Work Permits in Egypt

Getting around in Egypt

- CON: Chaotic driving

Getting around in Egypt by car is hazardous. The country has a high rate of road accidents, and local drivers are often unpredictable. They may change lanes or turn with no signal, and there’s not much time for others to react. Most expats skip the stress of the road altogether and use ride-hailing apps or hire personal drivers.

+ PRO: Cairo’s growing rail network

The Cairo metro is efficient and affordable, and the rail network has expanded rapidly in recent years. A new monorail line that connects East Cairo to the New Administrative Capital began commercial operations in 2026, and a fourth metro line is under construction. Your options for getting around in Egypt are better than they have been in years, although public transport outside the rail network remains basic.

Public Transport and Driving in Egypt

Education in Egypt

- CON: Local education unlikely to be an option for expats

Public education in Egypt is generally of low quality, and instruction is in Arabic. For this reason, most expat families opt for international schools.

- CON: High education fees and extra costs

Fees for international schools in Egypt are pricey, and the additional costs for textbooks, uniforms, extracurricular activities, and school trips can really add up.

+ PRO: Range of international schools

Expats have real choices when it comes to curriculum, as international schools in Egypt are spread throughout the major cities. Cairo and Giza, in particular, have a large selection.

Education and Schools in Egypt
International Schools in Egypt

Healthcare in Egypt

- CON: Lack of adequate public facilities

Public healthcare in Egypt, particularly in rural areas, falls short of the standards you may be used to. Treatment can be substandard, so private health insurance that includes medical evacuation coverage is strongly advisable.

+ PRO: Excellent private healthcare and qualified professionals

While public healthcare in Egypt may be ailing, private health facilities in Cairo offer specialised care from highly qualified, English-speaking practitioners. You will typically be expected to pay for services upfront and claim from your health insurance later.

Healthcare and Health Insurance in Egypt

Safety in Egypt

- CON: Poor air quality in Cairo

Air quality is a serious concern in Egypt. Cairo regularly ranks among the world’s most polluted cities; average PM2.5 levels sit at roughly eight times the WHO guideline. The smog peaks in autumn when seasonal crop fires across the Delta add to the usual city haze. If you have respiratory conditions, take this seriously; many expats buy air purifiers for their homes.

+ PRO: Low violent crime rates

Safety in Egypt is better than many first-time expats expect. Violent crime against foreigners is rare, and major cities have a visible security presence around residential and tourist areas. The main concerns are petty crime and scams rather than personal danger. Steer clear of border regions like North Sinai, but in Cairo and other expat hubs, day-to-day life feels secure.

Safety in Egypt

The process for acquiring a work permit for Egypt can be complicated, and the Egyptian authorities can be inefficient at times. Employers will usually take care of the bulk of the paperwork involved in applying for a work permit, which takes some of the sting out of it. Egyptian law caps foreign employees at 10 percent of a company’s total workforce, so the availability of positions for expats is limited.

Since work permit applications require the participation of the expat’s employer, it is not possible to obtain a work permit without a solid job offer from an employer in Egypt. In addition to a work permit, expats will also need a visa before arriving in Egypt.

Once the work permit is approved, this entry visa is aligned with a work-linked residence permit issued by the Ministry of Interior. The required paperwork for the various visa categories can change frequently and vary according to the applicant’s nationality, so applications are best handled by an agency or through your hiring company.

Visas for Egypt

Applying for a work permit for Egypt

Before you and your employer can begin applying for a work permit for Egypt, you will need to get clearance from the Egyptian National Security Agency and undergo an HIV test.

A work permit application form, along with numerous supporting documents from both the employer and employee, is required for a work permit application. In some cases, additional documents may be requested. Once you have secured a work permit for Egypt, it is usually valid for one year and renewable annually. Each permit is tied to a specific employer and role; a new application is required if you change jobs.

You will also need a residence permit to stay in Egypt legally. For work-linked residence permits, this is typically valid for one year and renewed alongside the work permit. The process for obtaining a work permit for Egypt can be lengthy, and employers will have to prove that no Egyptian national can fulfil the role adequately. Begin the application process as early as possible.

Useful links

• Egypt Ministry of Manpower: Official Website
• Egypt Today: Regulations Governing Work Permits for Foreigners

Visa regulations and requirements for work permits are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Ancient Egypt

• 3100 BCE: Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s oldest civilisations, emerges along the banks of the Nile River.
• 3100–2686 BCE: The Early Dynastic Period witnesses the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the pharaoh Narmer.
• 2686–2181 BCE: The Old Kingdom sees the construction of monumental pyramids at Giza, such as the Great Pyramid of Khufu. Pharaoh Djoser’s reign introduces the first step pyramid at Saqqara and signals a new direction in architectural style.
• 2040–1782 BCE: The Middle Kingdom brings stability and the development of art, literature, and trade.
• 1550–1458 BCE: Pharaoh Hatshepsut, the first woman to rule Egypt with the full, unqualified title and regalia of a male king, reigns during the New Kingdom’s 18th Dynasty and significantly expands Egypt's trade networks and international influence.
• 1353–1336 BCE: Pharaoh Akhenaten attempts to centre Egyptian worship exclusively on the sun god Aten during his reign.
• 1332–1323 BCE: Pharaoh Tutankhamun ascends to the throne and then dies at a young age. He is best known for the discovery of his treasure-filled tomb.
• 1279–1213 BCE: Ramses II, also known as Ramses the Great, reigns for an estimated 66 years during the 19th Dynasty and leaves a significant architectural legacy.
• 1200–1150 BCE: The Late Bronze Age collapse brings instability and incursions from the Sea Peoples and Libyans. Over the following centuries, Egypt faced successive waves of foreign domination by Kushites, Assyrians, Persians, and Greeks.

Ptolemaic and Roman Period

• 305–30 BCE: Egyptian and Hellenistic cultures merge during the Ptolemaic era under the rule of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
• 51–30 BCE: Cleopatra VII, the last pharaoh of Egypt, forms alliances with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony in her struggle for power.
• 30 BCE: Egypt falls under Roman rule after Cleopatra’s death by suicide. The Roman period begins.
• 30 BCE–641 CE: Christianity spreads in Egypt during the Roman and Byzantine eras, and the country becomes an important centre for early Christian thought.

Early Islamic Period

• 641 CE: Muslim Arabs conquer Egypt and introduce Islam. Christianity declines gradually over the following centuries, although the Coptic community persists to this day. Arabic becomes the dominant administrative and cultural language, and the arts and sciences flourish under Islamic rule.
• 969–1171 CE: The Fatimid Caliphate establishes Cairo as its capital and constructs iconic landmarks such as Al-Azhar Mosque. Cairo becomes a centre for Islamic learning and culture.
• 1174 CE: Salah al-Din (Saladin) becomes the first Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and recaptures Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187.
• 1250–1517 CE: The Mamluks, a Turkic slave caste, rule Egypt and defend the region against Mongol invasions.

Ottoman Rule and Modernisation

• 1517: The Ottoman Empire gains control of Egypt and rules it for over 400 years. The Ottoman administrative system is established in Egypt, including the appointment of a governor (Pasha) and the division of the country into provinces.
• 17th Century: The Mamluk Beys emerge as power brokers who effectively share power with the Ottoman governor. A unique dual administration system develops in Egypt.
• 1769–1773: Ali Bey al-Kabir rebels against the Ottoman Empire in an early assertion of Egyptian autonomy.
• 1798: Napoleon Bonaparte invades Egypt. The campaign sparks European interest in Egyptology and deepens France’s involvement in the region.
• 1798–1801: The French occupation under Napoleon ends when Ottoman and British forces expel the French. This event reshapes Egypt’s political and social order and opens a period of closer interaction with European powers.
• 1805–1848: Muhammad Ali Pasha, recognised as the founder of modern Egypt, rules during this period. His military, administrative, and social reforms lay the groundwork for the country’s modernisation, including a modern army and bureaucracy.
• 1839–1841: The Oriental Crisis sees Muhammad Ali Pasha’s expansionist policies challenge the Ottoman Empire. European intervention follows, and Ottoman rule over Egypt is consolidated, albeit with significant autonomy for Muhammad Ali and his successors.
• 1869: The completion of the Suez Canal greatly increases Egypt’s geopolitical and economic importance.

British Occupation and Nationalism

• 1863–1879: Khedive Ismail rules Egypt. His ambitious modernisation projects transform Cairo, but his spending plunges the country into a national debt crisis.
• 1875: Egypt’s financial crisis reaches a critical point, and Ismail is forced to sell Egypt’s shares in the Suez Canal to the British government.
• 1879: The Ottoman Sultan, under pressure from European creditors, deposes Khedive Ismail and appoints his son Tewfik Pasha. This intensifies European oversight of Egypt’s finances.
• 1881–1882: Colonel Ahmed Urabi leads the Urabi Revolt, a nationalist uprising against Khedive Tewfik and European influence. The revolt is a significant precursor to the British occupation.
• 1882: British occupation begins. Although Egypt nominally remains part of the Ottoman Empire, the British effectively control the country’s administration, military, finances, and foreign affairs.
• 1919: The British occupation sparks resistance movements and nationalist sentiments among Egyptians. These grow stronger over time and eventually lead to the Egyptian Revolution.
• 1882–1922: During British control, Egypt witnesses the growth of a national press, the formation of political organisations, and the emergence of intellectuals and nationalist leaders who lay the foundations for future struggles for independence.
• 1914–1918: During World War I, Egypt is a British protectorate. Egyptian labour and soldiers contribute to the war effort.
• 1919–1922: The 1919 Revolution, led by Saad Zaghloul and the Wafd Party, demands independence from British rule. The movement results in the recognition of Egypt’s nominal independence in 1922, but British military presence and influence continue.

Modern Egypt

• 1922: Egypt gains nominal independence, but British influence remains significant.
• 1922–1936: King Fuad I becomes Egypt’s first monarch following independence and rules until 1936. There is a struggle for full sovereignty and constitutional governance, marked by the tension between the Wafd Party, the monarchy, and the British.
• 1936: King Farouk succeeds Fuad I and faces increasing political corruption and social unrest during his reign.
• 1939–1945: World War II brings significant changes to Egypt, as it serves as an important Allied base and witnesses clashes with Axis forces in North Africa.
• 1952: The Egyptian Revolution takes place, led by a group of military officers known as the Free Officers Movement. They overthrow King Farouk and establish a republic.
• 1956: The charismatic Gamal Abdel Nasser emerges as a prominent leader and becomes Egypt’s second president.
• 1956–1970: Nasser’s leadership promotes social reforms, land redistribution, industrialisation, and the construction of the Aswan High Dam. Nasser co-founds the Non-Aligned Movement and seeks to unite Arab nations against Israeli aggression. Nasser also nationalises the Suez Canal, which leads to the Suez Crisis and military intervention by Britain, France, and Israel.
• 1970: Nasser’s sudden death results in Anwar Sadat assuming the presidency. Sadat pursues a policy of economic liberalisation, known as the Infitah, which aims to attract foreign investment and open up the economy. Sadat’s succession also marks a Cold War realignment, as Egypt shifts from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American stance.
• 1973: Egypt launches a surprise attack on Israel in what becomes known as the Yom Kippur War. Initial Egyptian military success sets the stage for peace negotiations.
• 1977: Sadat makes a historic visit to Israel and signs the Camp David Accords in 1978. The subsequent Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty of 1979 makes Egypt the first Arab state to establish peace with Israel and secures the phased return of the Sinai Peninsula.
• 1981: Sadat’s efforts for peace are met with widespread unrest, and Islamist extremists assassinate him during a military parade.
• 1981–2011: Hosni Mubarak assumes the presidency and governs Egypt for nearly three decades. He pursues economic reforms but faces criticism for his authoritarian rule and human rights abuses.
• 2011: The Egyptian Revolution erupts, driven by widespread discontent, demands for democracy, and opposition to Mubarak’s regime. The revolution leads to Mubarak’s ousting and is a turning point in Egypt’s modern history.

Post-revolution

• 2012: Egypt experiences a period of political transitions, including the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood and the election of Mohamed Morsi as Egypt’s first democratically elected president.
• 2013: Morsi’s presidency is short-lived. He is deposed by the military, led by then-Defence Minister Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, after mass protests against his rule.
• 2014: El-Sisi becomes president and implements economic reforms, but faces criticism for restricting political freedoms and human rights.
• 2018: President Sisi wins a second term against a single candidate. Other challengers are either arrested or withdraw from the presidential race.
• 2019: Constitutional amendments extend presidential terms from four to six years and allow Sisi to seek an additional term. The changes pass a referendum with 88 percent approval.
• 2023: Sisi wins a third presidential term. As in 2018, potential challengers face arrest or withdrawal from the race.
• 2024 onwards: Egypt grapples with mounting economic pressures and draws persistent international criticism over restrictions on political freedoms and human rights.

Many expats moving to Egypt do so for work, with Cairo being the country’s most popular city for expats. Some companies or schools that host expats will supply accommodation in Egypt or provide an allowance as part of the agreed salary. This is something to consider negotiating into a contract if it is not already included.

If your employer does not assist with finding accommodation, consider hiring a real estate agent to bridge the language barrier and handle the local property market on your behalf. Alternatively, you could go it alone, but be sure to bring someone along to translate if need be.

Types of accommodation in Egypt

There are a few different types of accommodation on offer for expats moving to Egypt. Most find homes in dedicated expat areas, either in the form of apartments or villas. There are also duplexes, penthouses, and ground-floor apartments, which may be more suited for expats with families.

Many benefits come with living close to other expats. Having someone to ask for advice and being around others who have experienced the same challenges makes it easier to adjust to life in the country, as Egypt is likely to be culturally different from an expat’s home country.

Expats tend to earn higher salaries than the locals and hence live in more affluent areas. In these areas, you can expect a wide range of amenities. There are also standalone villas available, which typically include gardens.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Most rental units in Egypt come semi-furnished or fully furnished. The most basic amenities that are available include essential kitchen appliances, such as a stove, refrigerator, and oven. Some apartments may even be equipped with a microwave and dishwasher. The quality of these appliances will generally depend on the price range of the property.

Expats who will only be in the country for the short term may prefer fully furnished accommodation that includes everything from beds to utensils. The cost of fully furnished accommodation in Egypt will typically be higher. New arrivals to Egypt who would prefer to put their personal touch on their new homes can also find unfurnished accommodation, and it is often advertised at lower rates than furnished housing.

Short lets

Short lets allow expats to experience daily life in a particular suburb before they decide to sign a long-term lease. Expats who will be in Egypt for the short term can also benefit from short lets, as they are usually more affordable than hotels and often offer similar amenities. The cost of utilities, and sometimes cleaning services, is also frequently included in the list price, making them an attractive option.

Useful links

• Airbnb: Cairo Stays
• Booking.com: Egypt

Finding accommodation in Egypt

Egypt is a word-of-mouth society, and recommendations go a long way. The many expat forums and blogs on the internet make it easy to get advice before even moving to Egypt.

Real estate agents vary in their resourcefulness and ability. The companies with the most employees are not necessarily the best or the most reliable. We recommend that expats ask around within the expat community for a few names and numbers of agents that have proved to be responsible and professional, and stick to those.

Some expats will have a relocation company working on their behalf; these firms assess your preferences, shortlist properties, and can take much of the legwork out of the search.

Useful links

• Aqarmap: Egyptian Real Estate
• Property Finder Egypt

Renting accommodation in Egypt

Making an application

The application process for rental accommodation in Egypt is relatively informal by Western standards. You will typically need to provide a copy of your passport, your visa or residence permit, and proof of employment. Some landlords or agents may also ask for a letter from your employer. Credit checks are uncommon; landlords tend to rely instead on upfront payments and deposits as their primary security.

Leases

Leases in Egypt can be anywhere between one month and a couple of years in length, but are typically between one and three years. Shop around to find the best deal that works for you.

It is important that expats renting property in Egypt have a proper written contract and never rely on a verbal agreement. Insist that a contract is written in English. Reputable estate agents will ensure any Arabic documents are duly translated into English.

Expats may find that rental contracts in Egypt differ significantly from the standard contracts they are accustomed to in their home country. Some rental agreements may stipulate which types of visitors the tenant may entertain and whether overnight guests are permitted.

Some landlords forbid the free mixing of men and women in their properties overnight, and there have been instances of expats finding themselves in breach of these terms unintentionally. It’s therefore essential to read the contract carefully and fully understand your responsibilities, as well as those of the landlord or agent. You can ask that any ambiguous elements of the contract be clarified.

Deposits and fees

To secure a rental home, expats may be required to pay several months’ rent upfront in addition to a deposit, which is generally at least one month’s rent. Ensure that you have sufficient funds available and take appropriate security precautions to avoid being scammed. Reputable estate agents can be helpful in this regard. Always view properties in person before making a payment.

The agent and landlord may require an agency fee equivalent to one month’s rent, though this is not guaranteed and varies by provider.

Rental costs in expat-facing areas are often quoted in US dollars or euros, although payment may be required in Egyptian pounds. It pays to clarify the currency and any exchange rate terms before signing, as fluctuations can affect the real cost of your rent.

Terminating the lease

Expats who are looking to terminate their lease before its stipulated expiration date must inform their landlords of their intentions at least two months before their departure date. Tenants should take a complete inventory of the property and appliances before and after moving out. It’s also recommended that they conduct a thorough inspection with their landlord to ensure that they receive their security deposit back in full.

Utilities in Egypt

Utility bills are nearly always the tenant's responsibility in Egypt and will be an additional expense on top of monthly rental costs. Be sure to enquire as to the approximate costs and keep them in mind while budgeting.

Hold on to all invoices, bills, and receipts as proof of payment in case the landlord requests them. Most rental apartments in Egypt will have all the utility services connected before expats move in, so they needn’t worry about this.

Electricity

Most of Egypt’s electricity is generated from natural gas, and the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) is the country's main electricity provider. Apartments will usually have a submeter, and tenants will receive a monthly bill from the government supplier. The bill is typically brought to expats by their building’s doorman, known as a bowwab in Arabic.

Many tenants give their bowwab the money to make their monthly electricity payments, but this can expose expats to scams, so it’s essential they build rapport with their bowwab first. Alternatively, expats can use the Fawry e-payment system to enquire about their bills and make payments.

Gas

A majority of households in Egypt have natural gas connections, and the government is steadily expanding the network. If expats do not have an existing connection, they will need to speak to their landlords before enquiring with a gas company about the possibility of installing one. There are several natural gas providers, including Egyptian Gas and Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS).

You can call either of these companies or visit a local branch to enquire. If installing a connection, you'll need to put down a deposit, and bills are sent monthly based on usage. Households without mains gas rely on gas canisters – another option to consider.

Water

Most of the drinking water in Egypt is sourced from the Nile River. The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation manages the water supply and is working on improving water safety in Egypt. Drinking tap water is not recommended. The water is heavily chlorinated, and ageing distribution pipes can introduce contaminants between the treatment plant and the tap. Most expats and many locals rely on bottled or filtered water.

Similarly to electricity, most expats will receive their monthly water bills from their bowwabs, and they can give them the money to make the payment. They can also use the Fawry e-payment system for their water bills.

Bins and recycling

Egypt currently lacks a centralised waste management system, and as such, rubbish collection in the country is typically managed through the informal sector known as zabbaleen. This involves informal waste collectors coming to a resident’s door to collect waste weekly. These collectors will typically expect a small payment once or twice a month.

While local municipalities are formally tasked with waste management, zabbaleen account for a large portion of waste collectors in the country. The national government has been taking steps to formalise waste collection by contracting private companies to undertake waste collection duties in some cities. Formal recycling is still in its infancy in Egypt; as such, there are few recycling programmes available in the country.

Useful links

• EEHC
• Egypt Gas
• Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

The weather in Egypt is hot for much of the year, so most expats can leave the heavy winter gear at home. A warm jacket will still earn its place in the suitcase, though; winter evenings can turn surprisingly cold, and Egyptian buildings are rarely heated.

Egypt lies almost entirely within the Sahara belt, and most of the country is hot and dry year-round. The Mediterranean coast has the mildest conditions, more humidity, and the only regular rainfall in the country, and the Red Sea coast catches cooling sea breezes. Cairo and the Nile Delta fall somewhere in between, and Upper Egypt (Luxor and Aswan) is considered among the hottest inhabited places on Earth.

The blistering heat of summer (June to August) is slightly more tolerable in the coastal region, but the average maximum temperature in this area is still 86°F (30°C). Expats living inland will experience much hotter summer temperatures. In the warmest areas, such as Aswan and Luxor, 104°F (40°C) is standard. In winter, daytime temperatures fall back down to a more bearable 64°F (18°C) to 79°F (26°C), and this time of the year also brings rainfall to the coast.

One unique component of the weather in Egypt is the khamsin. This hot spring wind blows across northern Africa in episodes between March and May, and its Arabic name refers to the roughly 50-day season in which these events tend to cluster. High winds pick up sand and dust, which tend to irritate eyes and obscure visibility. Storms can last anywhere from a few hours to several days. These winds are largely responsible for the drastic temperature increases in some cities during this time of year. During the most intense episodes, the khamsin can push temperatures beyond 113°F (45°C), and health authorities treat these conditions as hazardous.

Expats should note that, typical of a desert climate, nighttime temperatures in Egypt can drop considerably despite the intensity of the heat during the day. This is especially true of mountainous areas, and expats should be sure to have some light but warm layers on hand. Egyptian buildings are designed to shed heat rather than retain it, so indoor spaces can feel colder than the thermometer suggests during the winter months.

Education in Egypt is divided into a general education system and an Islamic education system known as the Al-Azhar system. General education consists of public, private, and international schools.

Public and tertiary education are nominally free, but public schools in Egypt remain at a low standard overall, and expats are unlikely to consider them. Luckily, there are many good international school options across Egypt, particularly in Cairo and Alexandria.

Public schools in Egypt

Public schools in Egypt are part of the largest education system in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and the government has been working to improve the standard of schooling available. There are frequent reforms to the education system, with some measures praised while others have been widely criticised.

Public education in Egypt is separated into several phases:

• Kindergarten: Schooling begins with the basic education phase at ages four and five.
• Primary school: Children then move to primary school between the ages of six and 12.
• Preparatory school: Students aged 13 to 15 move on to the next phase of education, where their academic results determine their secondary schooling options.
• Secondary school: The final phase takes place between the ages of 15 and 18. Secondary schooling can be undertaken at technical, vocational, or general schools.

In Egyptian public schools, the language of instruction is Arabic. A small number of public ‘language schools’ teach the national curriculum partly in English, but these are subject to ongoing government reforms. This, in combination with the low quality of education offered, leads many expat families to opt for private or international schools instead.

Useful links

• Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Private schools in Egypt

Some private schools in Egypt follow a curriculum similar to that taught at public schools, but these schools tend to have better facilities and teachers, so children will generally get a better education here than at a public school. Some schools teach alternative curricula based on particular educational or religious philosophies.

While private schools may offer local and international students a higher quality of education, private schools are fee-paying institutions, making them pricier than public schools. Still, private schools remain more affordable than international schools.

International schools in Egypt

International schools in Egypt are private schools that teach a foreign curriculum. The most commonly taught curricula are those of the UK, the USA, and the International Baccalaureate, but there are also many more options, including French, German, Canadian, Pakistani, and others.

These schools are frequently oversubscribed, and some are academically selective, so it’s best to start the application process as far in advance as possible. Before committing, parents should also be aware that international school fees tend to be high.

Cairo is by far the main hub for international schools in Egypt. Alexandria has a smaller selection, and expats relocating to other cities such as Hurghada, Sharm el-Sheikh, or Luxor will find very few options.

While the benefits are usually worth the hefty price, it’s essential first to ensure that it can fit into the budget. If moving to Egypt for work purposes, it’s a good idea to try to negotiate an education allowance into the relocation contract.

Read more about the Best International Schools in Egypt.

Special educational needs in Egypt

Support for special educational needs in Egypt is still sorely lacking, even as the country has recognised the need for inclusive education. This has mostly boiled down to a lack of understanding and awareness in Egypt around special needs and disability.

That said, a new curriculum for children with special educational needs has been launched, and hopefully, this will lead to inclusive mainstream schooling where children with special educational needs receive the support they need while being taught alongside their peers.

There are several schools in Egypt specifically for children with special educational needs that parents can consider. A limited number of international schools in Egypt also offer additional support, but expat parents should find out exactly what this entails before enrolling.

Useful links

• Humanity & Inclusion: Egypt

Tutors in Egypt

Parents shouldn’t struggle to find tutors in Egypt. Private tutoring is deeply embedded in Egyptian education and functions as a parallel system in its own right. For many families in the public and private school systems, tutors serve as a primary source of instruction rather than extra support.

Tutors are available for support in specific subjects, learning Arabic, or adjusting to a new curriculum. There are many tutoring companies that parents can consider, most of which offer online or at-home private tutoring.

Useful links

• Private Tutors & Co
• Apprentus: Private Tutors in Cairo

International schools in Egypt are the default choice for most expat families. Although fees tend to be high, international schools can ease the adjustment process for expat children by allowing them to continue their home-country curriculum in their home language.

This also allows for an easy transfer to schooling back home, if need be, and culminates in highly respected school-leaving qualifications, including the British A-Levels, the International Baccalaureate Diploma, and the American High School Diploma.

International schools are also often favoured for the excellent facilities and broad range of extracurricular activities on offer. These activities include dance, drama, robotics, coding, and public speaking. They give students the chance to grow beyond the classroom and develop well-rounded skills. Expat parents are encouraged to choose an area or suburb close to their children’s school and their workplace to avoid long commutes.

There are several international schools in Egypt for expats to choose from, offering a diverse range of curricula. Most of these are in Cairo, Giza, and Alexandria. Below are some of the top international schools in Egypt.

International schools in Egypt

American International School in Egypt

Founded in 1990, the American International School in Egypt (AISE) uses a technology-embedded approach to build tomorrow’s leaders. AISE offers both the American and International Baccalaureate curricula. Its technology-embedded approach centres on project-based learning and STEAM. AISE operates two campuses: the Main Campus, which relocated to Uptown Cairo in 2025, and the West Campus in Sheikh Zayed City. AISE’s sporting facilities include a swimming pool, gymnasium, and a regulation-sized football pitch.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: American and International Baccalaureate
Ages: 4 to 18
Website: www.aisegypt.com

British Columbia Canadian International School

An accredited British Columbia Certification institution, British Columbia Canadian International School (BCCIS), aims to develop socially responsible students. The school’s curriculum is designed to create enthusiastic learners, while its safe learning environment encourages creative and scientific thinking. BCCIS also offers Arabic Studies to help its learners fully engage with the local culture. BCCIS has two campuses: BCCIS East in El Sherouk City and BCCIS West in 6th of October City.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: Canadian (British Columbia)
Ages: 4 to 18
Website: bccis.ca

The British School of Egypt

The British School of Egypt (BSE) offers the British curriculum with a student-centred approach called Complete Well BSEing. This involves a distinct focus on academic, physical, social, emotional and spiritual well-being to ensure that students learn to live well. BSE boasts excellent academic results and beautiful facilities that include a swimming pool, theatre, ICT rooms, and science labs.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: British (English National Curriculum, Cambridge IGCSE, and A-Levels)
Ages: 3 to 18
Website: bse.edu.eg

Canadian International School of Egypt

The Canadian International School of Egypt (CISE) offers its students the Canadian Ontario curriculum and a complementary range of activities that help develop students into knowledgeable, creative, and caring global citizens. This international school offers inquiry-based learning to help students uncover their strengths and interests. CISE prides itself on providing both English immersion and French immersion programmes to ensure its students gain a truly international education.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: Canadian (Ontario)
Ages: 3 to 18
Website: cise-egypt.com

Visas for Egypt are relatively straightforward for most Western nationals, who can obtain an e-visa online or purchase a visa on arrival at Egyptian airports. The requirements depend on nationality; citizens of some countries are visa-exempt, while others must apply in advance through an Egyptian embassy or consulate.

Expats travelling to Egypt to work or study will need to obtain a residence permit, as these activities are not permitted on a tourist visa.

Tourist visas for Egypt

Tourist visas for Egypt are available as single- or multiple-entry options. The single-entry e-visa is valid for 90 days from the date of issue and permits a maximum stay of 30 days. Multiple-entry visas allow repeated entries over a longer validity period. Egypt also offers a five-year multiple-entry visa for frequent visitors, which allows stays of up to 90 days per entry. Nationals of some countries do not require a tourist visa to travel to Egypt, while other nationalities can obtain one on arrival at Egyptian airports or apply online through the e-visa portal. Those not eligible for either option will need to apply for a tourist visa in advance through an Egyptian embassy or consulate.

Expats should check with their local Egyptian embassy or consulate for the most up-to-date information on nationality requirements regarding tourist visas for Egypt. Citizens from certain countries, including Iran, Yemen, and Kazakhstan, will need pre-clearance before applying for an Egyptian visa.

Visitors to Egypt will need a passport that will be valid for at least six months from their entry date in Egypt, as well as proof of accommodation and a return ticket to apply for an Egyptian tourist visa. Those who will be travelling to the country for business purposes must have an invitation letter from a local company.

Useful links

• Egypt eVisa Portal

Residence permits for Egypt

Residence permits for Egypt are required for expats planning to stay in the country for work or study purposes. Those in employment will also need a work permit. The duration of residence permits varies by category; employment-related permits are typically issued for six months initially, while property or investment-based permits may be granted for longer periods depending on the value of the investment. There are several types of residence permits available, including:

• Work or employment-based
• Family reunion
• Investor or business residence
• Retirement
• Student

The documentation required will differ based on the specific residence permit expats have applied for. Typically, expats must submit a valid passport, a police clearance certificate, a health certificate, and proof of health insurance, among others. Work permit applicants are required to undergo a mandatory HIV test at a government laboratory in Egypt; tests conducted abroad are not accepted.

Work permit applications are made separately from applications for residence permits. The process is a long one, and expats must have secured employment before they can apply for their work permit. Egyptian law limits foreign employees to 10 percent of a company’s total workforce, so employers must demonstrate that the role cannot be filled locally. Extensive documentation is required, and all foreign-issued documents must be translated into Arabic and legalised by the Egyptian embassy in the applicant’s home country.

Work Permits for Egypt

Visa regulations and requirements for work permits are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details. 

Transport and driving in Egypt are important issues for expats to consider. While driving in Egypt can be dangerous and chaotic, the country has an extensive road network, and expats can travel by car or bus between most cities.

That said, expats should bear in mind that Egypt has a significantly higher road fatality rate than most Western countries, and road safety is a serious concern. Expats should take extreme caution when driving. In fact, when travelling long distances, taking the train, a riverboat, or a plane is recommended.

Public transport in Egypt

The public transport system in Egypt is extensive and affordable. It’s relatively easy to get around the country by train or bus. That said, public transport is not always the most comfortable way to travel in Egypt.

Metro

Cairo is home to a metro system, one of only three fully fledged metro systems in all of Africa. The metro has more than 80 stations across three lines and carries millions of passengers a day. The metro is fast and convenient. Two cars of each train are reserved for women (usually the 4th and 5th). The 5th car reverts to mixed use after 21:00.

Buses

Numerous bus routes in Egypt connect the country’s major cities, but many of these intercity buses can be overcrowded and uncomfortable. Fortunately, deluxe buses also exist on some routes between certain cities. They cost more, but the tickets are still relatively inexpensive and well worth the added amenities of air conditioning, onboard toilets, and in some cases, WiFi.

Tickets can be purchased at bus stations or on the bus itself, although it is better to book tickets in advance to guarantee a seat on busy routes. There are almost always inspectors on the bus, so expats should ensure that they have paid the correct fare and are carrying their passports in case the bus stops at a military checkpoint.

Local buses also operate within cities, and most cities also have minibus services available.

Trains

Egypt’s train network, operated by Egyptian National Railways, is affordable and extensive. The network spans more than 5,000 miles (9,500km) of track. Some trains have air conditioning; these trains are divided into first and second class. Trains without air conditioning have second and third-class compartments.

Boats

Those who want to travel via something more exciting than a bus or a train should consider taking a boat down the Nile River. Expats can travel on a cruise ship, traditional felucca,  or a steamboat.

Useful links

• Egyptian National Railways

Taxis in Egypt

Taxis are widely available in Egypt’s major cities. Expats should try to build a relationship with a trusted taxi driver so they always have someone reliable to call if they need to get somewhere quickly or need a driver for the day. Taxis are typically white and blue or yellow and black.

Another viable option is using a ride-hailing app such as Uber or Careem, a popular ride-hailing service widely used across the Middle East. These apps minimise miscommunication and give the passenger more control over the route and rate.

Useful links

• Careem
• Uber Egypt

Driving in Egypt

Driving in Egypt can be daunting. For this reason, some companies provide employees with a driver, but many people still choose to drive themselves, and some employers even cover defensive driving lessons to better equip expats for driving in Egypt.

Egyptians drive on the right-hand side of the road, and road signs are usually in both Arabic and English and are fairly similar to those used in Europe.

Road hazards in Egypt

Expats need to be extra vigilant when driving in Egypt as there are many road hazards to contend with. These include a lack of stop signs and traffic lights, drivers’ disregard for lane markings, and obstructions on the road.

Drivers are also likely to encounter stationary vehicles in the middle of the road, trucks driving the wrong way down one-way streets, and minibuses stopping suddenly to allow passengers to disembark in the middle of the road. Drivers in Egypt are also reluctant to use their headlights in the dark, and are also not consistent about indicating before turning. It is best to avoid driving at night if possible.

Driver’s licences

Expats who decide to brave the Egyptian roads can drive in the country with a valid licence from their home country and an International Driving Permit (IDP) for up to six months. Egypt currently has no licence exchange agreements with other countries, so all expats who plan to drive in the country will need a local driver’s licence.

Drivers must take a practical and written test to secure their Egyptian driver’s licence; the written test is in Arabic, so expats who are unfamiliar with the language may find it particularly challenging. Applicants will also need to provide a medical certificate with an eye test and blood type verification.

Useful links

• Egyptian Ministry of Interior: Traffic Services

Domestic flights in Egypt

Domestic flights in Egypt connect Cairo with popular destinations such as Luxor, Aswan, Hurghada, and Sharm El Sheikh. EgyptAir, the national carrier and a Star Alliance member, operates most domestic routes. Several smaller airlines also serve domestic destinations. Flights are generally short; Cairo to Luxor, for example, takes around an hour. For expats travelling long distances, flying is often the fastest and most comfortable option.

Useful links

• EgyptAir
• Cairo International Airport Information

Living in Egypt as an expat

Moving to Egypt may not be the most obvious choice for expats looking to relocate, but the country’s rolling desert dunes and iconic ancient pyramids are on many a travel bucket list. Egypt has just as much to offer expats as it does tourists. Expats who relocate to Egypt tend to be engaging, active, adventurous, and interested in connecting with communities and interacting with Egyptian culture and people.

Expats are advised to keep abreast of Egypt’s safety and political climate. Major cities are generally stable, and there’s a visible presence of tourist police in Cairo. Travel advisories generally recommend heightened caution when visiting Egypt, and they advise against travel to North and Middle Sinai as well as certain areas of the Western Desert.

Working in Egypt

Those who want to live and work in Egypt will typically end up in people-centred professions. Teachers, writers, volunteers, and NGO workers are all woven into Egyptian society, so expats tend to have a lot of opportunities to befriend locals and experience the local culture.

For the most part, though, Egypt makes for a unique expat destination, and it is usually curiosity or love that draws expats to stay rather than financial promise or luxury living. Although Egypt isn’t yet a top-tier global industrial hub, the country has been positioning itself as a regional manufacturing and logistics hub. The Suez Canal Economic Zone and the New Administrative Capital are the most visible signs of that shift, and there are emerging markets and opportunities that are available to the insightful entrepreneur.

Working in Egypt 
Visas and Residence Permits for Egypt 
Work Permits for Egypt

Egyptian culture

Women from Western cultures often find it difficult to adapt to Egypt’s more patriarchal society. Street harassment is widely reported, particularly in crowded areas. Women who dress modestly find that it tends to reduce but not eliminate unwanted attention.

Bureaucracy is a problem in Egypt that delays access to services for both locals and expats. Some expats have reported delays in visa renewals due to inefficient government processes and corruption.

Inefficiency and corruption, unfortunately, also spill over into business, so expats looking to do business in Egypt must be prepared to deal with it. There are some reform efforts aimed at modernising government and the workplace.

Local Culture in Egypt 
Business Culture in Egypt

Finding accommodation in Egypt

Expats should have no difficulty finding suitable accommodation in Egypt. Options range from simple studios to fully furnished condos and large villas. Expats tend to earn higher salaries than the local community and hence live in more affluent areas. Some companies or schools that host expats will supply accommodation in Egypt or provide an allowance as part of the agreed salary.

Renting Expat Accommodation in Egypt

Cost of living in Egypt

The cost of expat living in Egypt is generally low by international standards, especially for those earning in foreign currency. Rent and transport are reasonably affordable in Egyptian pounds. The currency has undergone significant devaluation in recent years, and imported goods and international services have become more expensive as a result. Your lifestyle choices will affect your monthly budget more than any headline figure.

Buying local groceries, shopping at markets and eating out at local restaurants will save expats some cash. Those who prefer to buy familiar imported products and alcohol, and to eat out at expensive international restaurants or hotels, will have to budget for these costs.

Cost of Living in Egypt

Living in Egypt with children

Expats looking for some family fun will have plenty of options among Egypt’s many ancient historical and cultural sites, such as the Great Pyramids and Old Cairo. Those who want to spend some time in nature will also find a range of day-trip options to nearby beaches and parks. The country has also catered to its young population with water parks and other great family-friendly attractions.

Healthcare in Egypt operates on two tiers. Public hospitals are widely available but tend to be under resourced; most expats turn to private healthcare, which can be of a high standard in Cairo and other major cities. Comprehensive private health insurance is considered essential for expat families.

Safety in Egypt
Healthcare and Medical Insurance in Egypt

Finding a school in Egypt

There are several good international schools in the country. Most of these are in Cairo and offer students the opportunity to continue studying the school curriculum of their home countries.

International Schools in Egypt

Getting around in Egypt

Getting around in Egypt can be an adventure, as there are varied modes of transport available, from overcrowded buses and minivans to first-class trains. Expats without the patience to deal with public transport in Egypt can always hire a car with a private driver.

Traffic in Cairo is nightmarish and chaotic, and many expats prefer not to drive. The Cairo Metro runs three operational lines, and the East Nile monorail extends the network further. Ride-hailing apps are a staple of daily expat life in the capital.

Public Transport and Driving in Egypt

Climate and weather in Egypt

Situated almost entirely in the Sahara Desert, the weather in Egypt is hot and dry. Egypt’s coastal region offers more pleasant conditions in the summer, but the average maximum temperature there is still 86°F (30°C). Expats living inland will experience much hotter summer temperatures, with 104°F (40°C) being standard in the warmest areas, such as Aswan and Luxor.

In winter, temperatures fall back down to a more enjoyable 68°F to 79°F (20°C to 26°C), so it’s the perfect time of the year to enjoy Egypt’s wonderful outdoors. This time of the year also brings rainfall to the coast.

Weather in Egypt Chart

Ultimately, expats moving to Egypt with a sense of curiosity and adventure are most likely to have an interesting and satisfying experience. For those with an open mind, Egypt holds much to discover.

Fast facts

Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt

Population: Approximately 120 million

Capital city: Cairo (also the largest city)

Other cities: Alexandria, Giza, Luxor

Geography: Egypt spans two continents. Most of Egypt is in Africa, but the land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula extends into Asia. Egypt is mostly desert, with a few oases. It is also home to the Nile, the world’s longest river.

Neighbouring countries: Egypt is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west.

Political system: Unitary semi-presidential republic

Major religions: Islam with a Christian minority

Main languages: Arabic

Money: The Egyptian Pound (EGP) is divided into 100 piastres. ATMs are common in Egypt’s larger cities, but may be harder to find in smaller towns. Expats can open bank accounts, but various documents and an initial cash deposit are often required.

Tipping: Between 10 and 15 percent is standard practice across the service industry

Time: GMT+2

Electricity: 220V, 50Hz. Standard plugs are Type C and Type F (two round pins; Type F includes earth clips).

Internet domain: .eg

International dialling code: +20

Emergency contacts: 112 (unified emergency hotline), 122 (police), 123 (ambulance), 126 (tourist police), and 180 (fire)

Transport and driving: Cairo has a well-developed public transport system, including a multi-line metro, buses, a monorail, and trains. Other cities may have fewer options, and public transport throughout Egypt tends to be crowded and uncomfortable. Cars drive on the right-hand side of the road.

Banking, money, and taxes in Egypt can be a source of frustration for expats. While there are plenty of Egyptian banks available, expats often prefer to open accounts with larger banks that offer English-language services, online banking, foreign currency accounts, and wide ATM networks.

Dealing with the bureaucracy at Egyptian banks is difficult, and fees and charges can feel high or unpredictable compared with what many expats are used to. To make matters worse, banking hours in Egypt are limited. Most branches close by mid-afternoon, although some now operate until 5pm under extended hours guidelines introduced by the Central Bank of Egypt.

Money in Egypt

The currency used in Egypt is the Egyptian Pound (EGP). It is divided into 100 piastres.

• Notes: EGP 1, EGP 5, EGP 10, EGP 20, EGP 50, EGP 100, and EGP 200
• Coins: EGP 1, 25pt, and 50pt

Banking in Egypt

Banking in Egypt has a mixed reputation among expats, who frequently report complex fee structures and unfavourable exchange rates. Several international and large local banks operate in the country. CIB (Commercial International Bank), QNB Alahli, and HSBC Egypt are among the most prominent.

An existing relationship with the same brand in your home country does not guarantee a smooth process locally; you will still need to satisfy Egyptian documentation and residency requirements. Many employers pay salaries directly into a designated local bank account. New hires are often asked to open an account with the employer’s preferred bank, which simplifies the process but limits choice.

Opening a bank account

Opening a bank account in Egypt can be bureaucratic, and requirements are very different between banks and even between different branches of the same bank.

Expats will likely need at least their passport, residence permit, an initial cash deposit, and proof of income. Many banks will require proof of employment and proof of address, such as a utility bill. Staff at larger banks in major cities often speak some English, but it is still useful to have key terms in Arabic or a local contact to help if needed.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs are plentiful in major cities and tourist destinations, but less common in smaller towns and rural areas. Cash is still king outside the major cities, so keep some local cash on hand.

Hotels, chain restaurants, larger shops, and major attractions in Egyptian cities generally accept international credit and debit cards, but cash is still needed for smaller or local businesses. When paying by card, always choose to be charged in Egyptian Pounds rather than your home currency to avoid unfavourable currency conversion.

Useful links

• CIB (Commercial International Bank)
• QNB Alahli
• HSBC Egypt

Taxes in Egypt

Taxes in Egypt can be complex for expats, although there is some relief that a wide range of countries have double tax treaties with Egypt. Expats are liable for income tax in Egypt, and they may also pay tax on their worldwide income, depending on whether they are classified as tax residents.

An expat is generally considered a resident for tax purposes if they spend more than 183 days in Egypt during any 12-month period (whether continuously or not) or maintain a permanent home in the country. Tax residents pay tax on both their local and worldwide income.

Income earned in Egypt is taxed at progressive rates from 0 to 27.5 percent. Social insurance contributions are also deducted from salaries.

Cross-border tax obligations can be difficult to untangle, so many expats choose to consult a qualified tax professional who specialises in international filings.

Useful links

• Egyptian Tax Authority (ETA)
• PwC: Egypt Individual Tax Summary

Most expats working in Egypt are based in Cairo. As Egypt’s largest city, it is also home to the most employment opportunities and hosts a more conspicuous expat population.

That said, employers must demonstrate that no qualified Egyptian national is available before they hire a foreigner, and expats may have a hard time finding a job. Still, there are a few positions where a foreigner may find a niche.

Job market in Egypt

Most expats don’t enter the job market in Egypt for the financial promise that makes other global destinations attractive. The most common occupation for expats working in Egypt is teaching in local private or English-language schools.

Egypt has a large oil and gas sector, so international companies with operations in the country often hire expats for roles from engineering to project management. IT and software development is another in-demand sector in Egypt.

Volunteers and employees for NGOs make up another substantial part of the expat community. Other industries that draw expats are tourism, finance, healthcare, and media.

Finding a job in Egypt

Finding a job in Egypt is far better done from overseas than on the ground. If the latter is the case, the best bet for finding employment is through a personal connection.

Expats hired from overseas to work in Egypt often enjoy a higher salary paid in a foreign currency, while expat employees hired from within Egypt tend to be paid in the local currency and earn much less. Networking is an important part of the Egyptian business culture, which functions largely on the premise of personal contacts and recommendations.

Online job portals and local recruitment agencies are also possible sources of employment opportunities. Expat social media groups can also be a fantastic resource for those seeking English-speaking roles.

Useful links

• Wuzzuf: Job Listings in Egypt
• LinkedIn: English Jobs in Egypt

Work culture in Egypt

The work culture in Egypt is formal yet friendly and personal. Punctuality and a smart appearance are important; businesspeople wear suits and ties, and women should dress modestly.

Expats in Egypt need to be respectful of local Islamic customs. Working hours are legally reduced during Ramadan, and business slows considerably. As Friday is the Islamic holy day, the working week runs from Sunday to Thursday.

English is widely spoken and understood, but a basic knowledge of Arabic will be appreciated. People with titles should be addressed using their title and surname. Business cards should be printed in both English and Arabic, and if someone offers their card, expats should treat it with respect.

Business Culture in Egypt

The quality of healthcare in Egypt varies widely depending on whether you use public or private services. Although the Egyptian government has made steps to improve the public healthcare system, it’s still quite underdeveloped.

In general, the country’s medical facilities are substandard compared to those of many Western countries. For better-quality care, expats should avoid public hospitals and opt for private care instead.

Unless familiar with a particular hospital, major operations should be done outside of Egypt. Often, the best regional healthcare can be found in Dubai, and many wealthy Egyptians opt to travel to the UAE for specialist treatment.

Public healthcare in Egypt

Egypt has a very limited national healthcare scheme, and public hospitals in Egypt have faced serious accusations of negligence in the past. Hospitals in Egypt face underfunding, leading to dilapidated infrastructure and inadequate supplies. Expats may be eligible for free public healthcare, but this system is not recommended and has an extremely low rate of usage, even among low-income Egyptians.

The Egyptian government introduced the Universal Health Insurance System (UHIS) in 2018, which is being implemented in six phases across the country’s governorates. The system gives enrolled Egyptians access to both public and private healthcare facilities at subsidised rates. The UHIS will likely not benefit many expats, but is expected to improve the state of healthcare in the country.

Private healthcare in Egypt

Private hospitals can be found in Egypt’s larger cities. Many are staffed by Western doctors who speak good English. That said, the standard of care in private hospitals can also vary widely, so expats should ask around for recommendations to ensure the best treatment. Costs can also add up quickly, so we advise expats to take out a good health insurance policy.

Health insurance in Egypt

Expats should have private medical insurance in Egypt for both routine and emergency care. Many hospitals will ask for cash on the spot rather than billing an insurance carrier, but patients should ask for all necessary paperwork to recoup any out-of-pocket expenses.

Some hospitals and hospital groups will offer insurance for the use of their facilities only. Many expats prefer insurance that includes treatment and evacuation to another country in the event of a medical emergency.

Pharmacies and medicines in Egypt

Pharmacies in Egypt are not in short supply. They are identified by a green cross and known locally as saydaleya (صيدلية).

Many medicines are available for purchase without a prescription; antibiotics and other drugs that would require one in Western countries are often sold over the counter. Some medications are strictly controlled, though, so expats who depend on specific prescriptions should bring a supply from home and carry their original packaging along with a doctor’s letter.

Pharmacists in larger cities generally speak good English and will be able to recommend basic medicines to expats. Medication is inexpensive in Egypt, but expats should ensure they buy something they have used before.

Egypt is known for counterfeit medicines, which are often sold in authentic-looking packaging. Counterfeit medicine can contain harmful ingredients, so expats are encouraged to source their prescription and over-the-counter medication from reliable sources.

Health hazards in Egypt

One of the most significant health concerns facing expats in Egypt is sanitation. Expats should take special care to drink and cook only with bottled water, and to wash vegetables and fruit thoroughly. It is best to avoid eating street food or buying juices from street vendors, but food and drink in hotels and restaurants should be perfectly fine.

Egypt once had the highest rate of hepatitis C infection in the world, but through its ‘100 Million Healthy Lives’ campaign, it reduced prevalence from roughly 10 percent to under 1 percent. For this, it became the first country to receive the WHO’s ‘gold-tier’ status. Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, so expats should avoid contact with needles of dubious origin, especially equipment used for tattooing.

Air pollution is another health hazard in Egypt, especially in large cities. The air quality in Cairo can be very poor due to traffic congestion and industrial emissions. From September to November, seasonal burning of rice straw in the Nile Delta sends thick smoke drifting over the capital in a phenomenon known locally as the ‘black cloud.’ Dust and smog are particularly problematic for people with respiratory conditions such as asthma.

Vaccinations for Egypt

Expats should check with their doctor whether they need any special vaccinations before travelling to Egypt, but should always have their routine vaccinations up to date, especially hepatitis A, measles, rabies, and typhoid.

Poliovirus has been detected in environmental samples in Egypt, so expats should ensure their polio vaccinations are up to date, too.

Emergency services in Egypt

The ambulance number in Egypt is 123, and 112 is a unified emergency line for police, fire, and medical services. If there is a serious emergency, expats are advised to organise their own transport to a hospital or to call a private hospital directly and request an ambulance, as the public ambulance service can be unreliable.

Useful links

• CDC: Egypt Travel Health Information
• Egyptian Drug Authority
• WHO: Egypt Country Page

Local culture in Egypt can catch newcomers off guard. Life in the Gift of the Nile is quite different from that in the West, and expats may take some time to adapt to the local way of life.

People are brusque one minute and incredibly helpful the next, many shops expect patrons to barter (the asking price being at least double the going rate), and power cuts are part of everyday life. Egypt can be frustrating, but its friendly people and fascinating culture more than compensate for these challenges.

Language and communication in Egypt

Language and communication in Egypt can be a steep learning curve. Arabic is among the hardest languages to learn in the world; the US Foreign Service Institute places it in its most difficult category. Arabic has many dialects, and Egyptian is just one of them. Many phrasebooks, dictionaries and even Google Translate do not differentiate between dialects. Westerners find learning numbers and speaking a few basic phrases straightforward, though, and getting the gist of conversations by picking up a few keywords will come with time.

English is commonly spoken to various degrees among Egyptians in business or tourism, especially in the cities. That said, communication isn’t always straightforward. Egyptians tend to value social harmony and communicate in a high-context way, so a local may respond ‘yes’ when they really mean ‘possibly’ or ‘I’m not sure’ to avoid derailing the conversation or coming across as unaccommodating or impolite.

This can be frustrating for expats from low-context cultures where direct communication is the norm. When something is important, it can help to involve a trusted bilingual friend or colleague as a translator or to ask for confirmation in writing. What may feel like abruptness or curtness from an Egyptian speaker is usually not meant as rudeness; in many cases, they are trying to be helpful, and the brusque tone comes from limited English or from dealing with competing communication styles.

Women in Egypt

Life for women in Egypt comes with specific challenges. Verbal harassment, like lewd or suggestive comments, is sometimes directed at foreign women. Sexual assault is rare but does happen. The risk is lower in areas where expat women are more frequently seen and can blend in.

The Egyptian government has taken legislative steps to address sexual harassment. Law 185 was ratified by the president in 2023, and it significantly increases penalties for sexual harassment to a minimum of two years’ imprisonment. But enforcement is inconsistent, and it may take time before real change is felt on the street.

When out and about, try to avoid direct eye contact, keep conversations businesslike, and make it clear that physical contact is unwelcome. It helps to walk with another woman, chat about your husband and several children (real or not), wear a wedding ring, and refuse offers of food and drink from strangers.

Egyptians are friendly, and in a tricky situation, expat women can turn to passersby (especially women) for help. She will invariably be happy to assist. If you’re with a man, it's helpful to refer to him as your husband rather than calling him a boyfriend or partner. More conservative dress can help reduce problems, but even traditionally dressed Egyptian women are hassled. The Cairo metro reserves two carriages per train for women; one is women-only at all times, and the second becomes mixed-use after 9pm.

Meeting and greeting in Egypt

Meeting and greeting in Egypt follows its own etiquette. A handshake is common between men. When introduced to a group, it’s customary to shake the hands of everyone present. Handshakes tend to be limp and prolonged and should include eye contact and a smile.

Family members and men who know each other well will kiss, touching cheek to cheek a few times. Advice varies for women meeting men for the first time. Some consider it correct for the woman to initiate the handshake; others feel this is too forward. A foreigner will have more leeway in this than Egyptian women. Courtesy, respect and a sense of humour will paper over any etiquette faux pas.

Religion in Egypt

Religion in Egypt is central to daily life. The vast majority of the population is Sunni Muslim. A small percentage of the population is Christian, most of them Coptic Orthodox.

If you find someone at prayer, it is polite to allow them to finish; this usually takes only a few minutes. The Muslim holy day is Friday. Business hours may be reduced, or shops may close entirely. For Christians, the day of rest is Sunday. Between the two, it can be tricky to predict which day a given business will close, so it pays to check hours in advance.

During Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to sunset. Expats are not expected to fast, but it's considered disrespectful to consume food, drink, tobacco, and gum in public during the day. Business hours also look quite different during the month. Many offices have shorter hours, and daily life becomes more oriented around evening activities. Restaurants and hotels in expat-frequented areas typically remain open and serve meals throughout the day.

LGBTQ+ in Egypt

LGBTQ+ rights in Egypt are a serious concern for expats and travellers. Same-sex relationships are not explicitly criminalised in the penal code, but authorities routinely use vaguely worded laws around ‘debauchery’ and public morality to arrest and prosecute LGBTQ+ people.

Egyptian police have been known to use dating apps to entrap people, and officers may inspect your phone and social media at checkpoints or during arrests. Exercise caution with dating apps and phone data.

Beyond the aggressive prosecution of LGBTQ+ people, Egyptian law also offers no protection for LGBTQ+ individuals, and same-sex partnerships have no legal recognition. There is no legal pathway for gender transition.

That said, LGBTQ+ expats who maintain a low profile and avoid public displays of affection or LGBTQ+ symbols generally can go about their lives. There is a discreet LGBTQ+ community in Cairo, but getting integrated into organised queer spaces in Egypt also carries a higher risk.